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剑桥阅读答案9篇

时间:2023-07-22 18:40:07 公文范文 来源:网友投稿

剑桥阅读答案第1篇Passage1参考译文:旅游的背景,意义和范畴自从上帝创造了万物以来,旅行就已经存在了:那时原始人启程,常常穿越很远的距离搜寻猎物,这些猎物提供了生存所必需的食物以及衣物。贯穿人类下面是小编为大家整理的剑桥阅读答案9篇,供大家参考。

剑桥阅读答案9篇

剑桥阅读答案 第1篇

Passage 1参考译文:

旅游的背景,意义和范畴

自从上帝创造了万物以来,旅行就已经存在了:那时原始人启程,常常穿越很远的距离搜寻猎物,这些猎物提供了生存所必需的食物以及衣物。贯穿人类历史,人类为了贸易、宗教信仰、经济所得、战争、移民以及其他同样具有吸引力的动机而旅行。在罗马时代,独有的贵族以及高级政府官员同样为了享乐而旅行。坐落在Pompeii和Herculaneum的海边度假胜地给人们提供了一个逃离到度假别墅的机会,从而避免了罗马夏日的酷暑。除了在黑暗时代,旅游是一直在发展的,而且人类历史自从有记录以来,旅游在文明发展以及经济发展当中起到了极为关键的作用。

如今,我们知道的大众旅游的形式是20世纪独有的现象。历史学家们认为,大众旅游的出现开始于英国工业革命时期,因为它伴随着中产阶级的崛起和容易获取到的相对廉价的交通方式。第二次世界大战过后的商业、航空工业的创造以及之后20世纪60年代的喷气式飞机的发展,标志着跨国旅游的快速增长与扩张。这种增长导致了一个主要的新的工业的发展:旅游业。反过来,国际旅游的发展成为众多国家的要事,因为它不仅提供了新的就业机会,也产生了创造外汇的新途径。

今天,在经济以及社会价值方面,旅游业地位都显著提升。大多教的工业化国家在过去的几十年,都在服务业领域经历了最快速的发展。尽管在有些国家当中,旅行和旅游业在很大程度上并不被认为是一个实体,但他们却是服务业最大的几个板块之一。根据世界旅游与旅游协会的资料(1992),‘几乎用任何一种经济指标衡量,旅行和旅游业都是世界上最大的产业,这些指标包括增值资本投资、就业以及税收贡献。’在1992年,工业总产值估计为万亿美元,比全部消费支出的12%还要多。创造了 亿个就业岗位(差不多全部就业人口的7%),旅行和旅游业雇佣的人数最多。这一产业是世界领先的产业贡献者,每年它产出了超过6%的世界国民生产总值,占据了超过来源于直接、间接以及个人税收4220亿美金的资本投资。因此,旅游业不仅对世界经济有着深远的影响,而且由于旅游的教育性意义和对就业的作用,对社会本身也有深远的影响。

旅行和旅游业隐藏了或者模糊了它的经济影响,其主要问题是这一工业的多样性与不完整性。旅游产业包括:酒店、汽车旅馆和其他形式的住宿业;餐厅以及其他形式的食物供应行业;交通服务以及设施;游乐场、旅游景点、和其他休闲设施;礼品商店以及大量的其他企业。因为很多这些企业也服务本地居民,游客消费的影响容易被忽略或者低估。另外,Meis (1992)指出旅游业涉及一些对于分析家以及政策制定者而言都觉得无定形的、抽象的概念。更进一步说,在所有国家,这一问题使得旅游业难以开发任何形式的有效而可信的旅游信息库来测算旅游业对地区、国家甚至全球的经济贡献。但是这种多样性的本质使得旅行和旅游业成为许多国家、地区或者是社群经济发展的理想工具。

旅行和旅游业过去曾经是有钱人独享的领城,现在却已成为大多数人习惯的生活方式。事实上,McIntosh和Goeldner (1990)指出,对于很多国家,旅游业已成了跨国贸易中的最大的商品,对于其他一定数量的国家而言,旅游业也排在了第二位或第三位。例如,旅游业是百慕大、希腊、意大利、西班牙、瑞士和大多数加勒比海国家的最大收入来源。另外,Hawkins和Ritchie引用美国运通公司的数据,指出旅行和旅游产业在巴哈马、巴西、加拿大、法国、(前)西德、香港、意大利、牙买加、日本、新加坡、英国、美国是雇佣员工最多的产业。但是由于定义的问题直接影响到了统计性的测量,确定地提出精确、有效、可靠的关于世界范围旅游业参与程度以及其经济影响的数据是不大可能的。在很多情况下,当人们试图测量国内的旅游业时,相似的问题也出现了。

Test 3 Passage 2参考译文:

秋叶

加拿大作家Jay Ingram调查树叶在秋关变红的秘密

每年北美多个地区里最为迷人的自然事件之一,就是秋叶变色之时。叶子的颜色都很壮观美丽,但一个确切的问题还久久地困扰着科学家们,就是为什么一些树会变成黄色或橙色,而 其他树则变为红色或紫色。

夏天树叶是绿色的,因为它们有足够的叶绿素,而这些分子能捕捉到阳光,并将其转化成作为树木生长新原料的能量。当北半球秋天临近时,太阳能的可利用成分会大量地减少。对于很多树种来说——常绿松柏类植物是个例外——最好的应对措施是停止光合作用,直到春天到来。所以,树木与其在整个冬天里保留现有的多余叶子,倒不如保存珍贵的养料而丢弃它们。但在这些叶子凋落之前,树木会拆分它们的叶绿素分子,并将这些分子内有用的氮传送回细枝里。一旦叶绿素被耗尽,在夏天里因叶绿素的主导作用,而被抑制的其他颜色便开始显现。这个发现解释了秋叶的黄与橙,却并未解释出如同枫树和漆树一般的灿烂的红色和紫色。

红色的原料是众所周知的:它由不同的花青素提炼出来,一种在可见光谱中能显现红到蓝的水溶性植物色素。他们属于一个级别的糖本化合物,也称之为类黄酮。令人困惑的是花青素是新制成的,即树木准备让叶子凋零的时候才在叶子中生成。但树木生成花青素的行为难以被理解一为什么树木在它现有的叶子中吸收和保存花青素,还要忙着在叶子里制作新的这种化学物质?

一些关于花青素的理论认为它们是用作防止昆虫和真菌伤害的化学防御,或是用于吸引以食果类为生的鸟类,或是增大叶子的耐寒能力。然而这些理论个个都存在问题,包括下面的事实:叶子保持红色的时期如此之短,以至于在该时期内制造花青素所需消耗的能量大于任何抗菌或抵抗食草动物活动所需的能量。

它(理论)也建议,树木可以生成鲜艳的红色,让食草昆虫相信他们自身是健康强壮的,并能轻易地增加化学防御来抵抗感染。如果昆虫们注意到这些树木类似的“宣传”信心,它们可能更多地在一些暗沉的,抵挡性较弱的寄主上产卵。这个理论上的错误就在于缺乏事实依据的支撑。到现在为止,没有人能确定是否越强壮的树越能展示出明亮的树叶,或昆虫是否会根据颜色亮度来选择树木。

或许看似最有理的推断是一个被称为“光屏”的假设。该假设解释了为什么叶子在忙着准备过冬时,不顾麻烦也去制造花青素。这听起来是矛盾的,因为这假设背后的想法是红色素是在秋叶中生成的,以此来保护叶绿素,这个吸光化学物,免受过强光源的伤害。为什么叶绿素需要保护,当它是自然界中最优质的光源吸收体?为什么正是树木折断需被抢救时要 尽可能保护叶绿素?

尽管精妙地参与到捕捉太阳光能量的过程中,叶绿素有时也会被破坏,特别是当环境是干燥、低温或营养缺失时。这时的叶子正忙碌地为过冬分解内在机制。由摇摇欲坠的秋叶中的叶绿素分子吸收而来的能量,并不能立即被传送到有用的产物和过程中,因为它将构成一片完整的夏叶。老弱的秋叶是由活跃的叶绿素分子造成的,因受具有摧毁性作用的氧化影响而变得容易残破。

即便你不曾怀疑叶子变红时发生了什么,但迹象已经摆在眼前。首先能明确的是:对于许多树而言,最红的叶子都是在树木近阳的一面。不仅这样,最发亮的红也出现在叶子的最顶端。为世代所认识的是,对于形成深红颜色的最佳条件是干燥、晴天和凉爽的夜晚,这是让叶子最大程度吸光的最佳条件。最后,如例如枫树一般的树木在北半球越北的地方,叶子就会越红。那里更冷, 树木会感到更有压迫,而它们的叶绿素也会更敏感,需要更多的阳光。

然而,仍未探明的是为什么一些树木借助生成红色素,而其他则不用,就能轻易地显示出他们的黄橙色调。是那些树有别的解决方法去阻挡在秋天的过分暴晒吗?他们的故事,或许在我们眼里并不惊人,但必定精妙而复杂。

Test 3 Passage 3参考译文:

蓝色海平线外

居住在太平洋遥远岛屿上的古代航行者

一项关于太平洋Vanuatu群岛上的岛的重要考古发现,揭开了一个古老的航海种族的行踪,该种族恰恰也是今天Polynesians亚种族的远古祖先。Efate岛是偶然被世人发现的。一位农业工作者,在挖掘一个被废弃的种植园时,挖开了一个坟墓,而该坟墓仅是一块大约有3000年历史的墓地上数十个坟墓中的第一个。

这是在太平洋群岛上至今为止发现的最古老的墓地,它里面躺着一个远古种族的众多遗体。考古学家们称该种族为Lapita。

Lapita种族是勇敢的蓝色大海上的冒险者,他们曾经用简单的独木舟穿越海洋。但是他们不仅仅是探险者。他们也是开拓者,携带了一切需要的物品来创建新生活,这些物品包括他们的家畜,芋头幼苗和石具。在长达几个世纪的时间里,种族把他们世界的边界,从Papua New Guinea岛上覆盖着丛林的火山群,延伸到汤加群岛上最孤寂的布满珊瑚的外围地带。

Lipita种族仅仅留下可几条关于自身的宝贵线索,但是Efate岛大大地扩充了对研究象来说有用数据量。62位Lapita人的遗体至今经被挖掘出来了,考古学家们同时也非常激动地发现了六个完整的陶罐。其他发掘出的物品包括一个Lipita人的骨灰瓮,瓮的边缘散布着仿制的小鸟,仿佛在向下凝视着密封在里面的Lapita的遗体。“这是个重要的发现,”澳大利亚国立大学考古学教授兼挖掘场地的国际团队的总负责人Matthew Spriggs表成“因为它令人信服地确定了遗体便是Lapita种族。”

从这些人类遗体中提取出来的DNA可能能够帮助解答其中一个在太平洋人类学中最让人困惑的问题,即所有的太平洋岛上居民来源于一个祖先还是多个。是只有一批来自亚洲某个地方的外来移民, 还是有若千批来自不同地方的外来移民?

“Efate岛的发现是我们有史以来最好的机会,” Sprigg说道,“来探索Lapita种族到底是怎么样的种族,他们来自哪里,以及当今与他们关系最紧密的后代是哪些种族。”

这里还有一个棘手的问题,考古学至今提供不了多少答案,即Lapita人是怎么样在远古时期完成相当于月球登陆般艰难的穿越海洋的行动,而且还那么多次? 至今没有人发现一艘他们的独木舟或任何绳索,以此来发现他们的独木舟是如何航行的。同时在后来的Polynesians人的口头相传的历史故事和传统中也没能提供什么相关线索,因为在这些故事传统流传到Lapita那个时期以前,就已经变成神话传说了。

“我们可以确定的是Lapita人那时候已经有能够开展海洋航行的独木舟了,并且他们有能力行驶独木舟。”奥克兰大学的考古学教授Geoff Irwin表示。他说道,那些航行技能被早期航海人员发展并流传了数千年,这些早期的航海人员靠自己想方设法穿越了西部太平洋的群岛,开辟了通向邻近岛屿的短路线。然而,真正的冒险还没开始,直到他们的后裔行驶出大陆的视线范围,大陆变得每个方向都没有界限。而这肯定对他们来说很困难,如同当今我们登陆月球一样。当然这样的穿越举动使得他们从他们的祖先中突显出来,但是是什么给了他们勇气发起如此危险的航行之旅呢?

Irwin指出,Lapita人进入太平洋的航向是向东的,这不同于通常的顺风。他同时表明,这样艰难的逆风航行方式,也许正是也们成功的关键。“他们能够行驶数天进入未知‘和可以到达的’地带,因为他们确定地知道如果一无所获,他们能够转向乘着顺风快速返这正是促成整个探索行动成功的关键。”一旦出行,有经验的海员能够观测并跟随大量的指引线索到达新大陆,比如海鸟,被潮汐冲入大海的椰子和细枝,和下午海平线上堆积的云层,这些云层通常代表不远处有海岛。

对于返航的探险者,不论成功与否,他们自己群岛的地形就已经提供了一个保障安全的网罩。如果在途中没有这个安全的网罩,航行偏离他们自己的港口,迷失甚至是行驶向死亡之路将变得很容易发生。比如,Vanuatu岛,在西北到东南方向上长度达500多英里,它众多相互可见的岛屿,为乘着顺风返航的航海员们形成增援,保护着他们。

所有这些预设了一个重要的细节点,澳大利亚国立大学的史前时期研究教授Atholl Anderson说道, Lapita人已经早早地掌握了先进的逆风航行的技能。

“并没有证据证明他们能够做这样的事情,” Anderson表示,“但这里已经假设他们能够这样做,同时基于这样的假设,人们已经制作独木舟来再次开展那些早期的航海探险。但是没有人知道他们的独木舟到底是怎么样的或者他们是怎么样装配索具。”

与其全部归功于人类的技能,也得“考虑到自然风力产生的可能性”,Anderson表示。厄尔尼诺现象,如今影响太平洋的这一异常气候,也许曾帮助分散Lapita人群的分布。他指出从太平洋周围生长缓慢的珊瑚中获取的气候数据暗示着大概在Lapita人对外扩张时期,存在一系列不平常且频繁的厄尔尼诺现象。通过反转一般东西流向的顺风且每次长达数周,这些超级厄年尼诺现象大概已经促使Lapita人开始漫长且未计划过的航行之旅。

但是他们做到了,Lapita人分布在太平洋三分之一的岛屿上,之后由于若干只有他们知道的原因,停止了对外探索。前方太平洋中部有着大片仍未被开发的领域,也许他们太薄弱而无法继续往前探索扩张。可能总共人数算起来从未超过几千人, 在他们向东的快速迁徙过程中,他们遇见了成百上千的岛屿,单单在斐济就有300多个岛屿。

剑桥阅读答案 第2篇

PASSAGE 1 参考译文:

双胞胎研究

对于全世界的生物医药学研究者来说,双胞胎提供了一个宝贵的机会以供他们探究基因和环境——也就是先天和后天一所产生的影响。因为同卵双胞胎来自于分裂为二的同一个受精卵,所以他们实际上享有着完全相同的基因代码。二人之间的任何差异一例如双胞胎中的某个有着看起来更为年轻的肌肤——都必定是环境因素造成的,比如日晒时间更少。

另一方面,通过比较同卵双胞胎与异卵双胞胎(后者来自两个不同的受精卵而拥有平均来说约为一半的相同基因)的经历,研究人员就可以量化地得出我们的基因到底在何种程度上影响着我们的生活。如果对于某种疾病同卵双胞胎二人之间的反应比起异卵双胞胎来更为相似,那么容易得上这种疾病的特征就至少有一部分原因是来自遗传因素。

这样两条研究线索——研究同卵双胞胎之间的不同以确认环境的影响,以及比较同卵双胞胎与异卵双胞胎之间的异同以衡量遗传因素所扮演的角色——一直以来都是至关重要的,我们需要借此来理解先天因素与后天因素是如何综合作用起来決定我们的个性、行为和易感染某些疾病的程度。

研究双胞胎以衡量遗传因素的影响这个理念可以追溯到1875年,当时英国科学家Francis Gallon第一次提出了这样一种方法(并且创造了“先天和后天”这样一种说法)。但是双胞胎研究在20世纪80年代迎来了一个令人意想不到的转折,当时出现了这样一种思路,其研究对象为那些出生时即被分开而各自长大成人后才重新聚首的同卵双胞胎们。在二十年的时间里,前后共有137对双胞胎走进了Thomas Bouchard的实验室,这次研究后来成为了广为人知的“被异地养大双胞胎的明尼苏达研究”。在这些双胞胎身上开展了不计其数的测试,他们中的每个人都回答了15,000多个问题。

Bouchard和他的同事们利用了这批数目惊人的海量数据来辨识双胞胎到底在何种程度上受到其基因组成的影响。他们所采用的研究方法的关键在于一种称之为“可遗传性”的统计学数理概念。从广义概念上来说,任何某种特质的可遗传性所衡量的是人口群体中各个成员之间的个体差异可以在何种程度上由他们彼此之间基因方面的差异来解释。而似乎无论Bouchard和其他科学家们如何看待这个问题,他们都能发现基因影响力的这只无形之手在参与塑造我们的人生。

然而,近年来,对于双胞胎的研究已帮助引导科学家们得出了一个不同于以往的新结论:并非只有先天和后天这两个基础原因在发生作用。根据一个近期出现的被称为“表观遗传性”(epigenetics)的研究新领域的看法,还有第三个因素在起作用,它有时候作为一道连接桥梁,贯通于环境与我们自身基因的二者之间;而另一些时候则直接着手塑造我们每一个人。

表观遗传的过程是这样一些化学反应,它们既不与先天也不与后天相关,而是代表着研究人员所称之为的“第三组成因素”。这些反应影响着我们基因代码的表现方式:每一项基因是如何得到加强或削弱,甚至是被激活或关闭,从而构建起我们的骨骼、大脑和身体的所有其他组成部分。

如果你把我们的DNA设想成一组巨大的钢琴键盘而我们的基因就是其中的琴键——每个琴键象征着DNA的一个片段,负责某个音调或者说特质,而所有的琴键组合起来就构成了每一个独特的我们,那么表观遗传的过程就决定着每一个琴键可以什么时候、以何种方式被弹响,从而改变着演奏曲目的旋律。

表观遗传学研究之所以彻底改变了我们对于生物学的理解,方式之一就在于它揭示出这样一种机制,外在环境正是通过这样一种机制直接作用于内在基因。举例来说,动物研究已经证实了:当一只老鼠在怀孕期间有过紧张压力的体验,就可能在其胎儿中引发表观遗传性的改变,进而随着这只啮齿动物的成长导致其行为方面的各种问题。有一些表观遗传过程似乎是随机发生的,而另一些则为常规现象,例如那些指导胚胎细胞如何分化成为心脏、大脑或肝脏细胞的过程。

基因学家Danielle Reed多年来研究过许多对双胞胎,深入思考过双胞胎研究到底可以教会我们哪些知识。“当观察一对双胞胎时,你能够清楚地看出他们之间所共有的许多东西都是基因硬件所決定的,”她这样说道。“关于他们的许多东西都是绝对一模一样和不可改变的。但是当你深入了解了他们以后,同样清楚显现的则是他们身上还有很多其他东西都是不一样的。在我看来,表观遗传学正是大部分这些差异之所以产生的根源所在。”

Reed认为今天关于双胞胎研究的蓬勃发展都要归功于Thomas Bouchard的工作。“他是这个领域的先驱,”她说到。“我们忘记了,就在50年前,例如心脏疾病这样的事情还被认为完全是由个人生活方式引起的。精神分裂症过去曾被视为原因在于母亲养育得不好。双胞胎研究使得我们去进一步深思人们到底生而具有哪些特征,又有哪些情況是由个人经历所造成的。”

说完这些,Reed还补充说,最近在表观遗传学领域中的研究工作还很有可能带领我们的理解更进一步。“我想要说的是,我们的先天用铅笔写好了一些内容,又用墨笔写好了另一些内容,”她这样说。“用墨笔写下的内容是无法改变的,那是我们的DNA。但是用铅笔写下的内容却可以修改,那就是表观遗传学。现在既然我们己经有能力探査DNA并看出哪些是铅笔写出来的内容了,这便进入了一个全新的世界。”

TEST 4 PASSAGE 2 参考译文:

电影声音简介

虽然我们也许会将电影视为在本质上以视觉为核心的体验,但我们着实不能低估了电影声音的重要作用。一套内涵丰富的电影原声常常和银幕上的画面同样复杂深刻,并且最终也是影片导演需要肩负的重要职责。完整的原声包括三个核心组成元素:演员说话声、音效和音乐。这三个声道必须融合在一起并彼此平衡调和,这样才能产生必要的侧重点,进而实现影片所想达到的效果。针对以上提到的三种声道所展开的话题将在后文中一一进行讨论。这些话题包括对话、同步和不同步音效,以及音乐。

让我们从“对话”开始。与舞台戏剧相同,对话的作用是讲述故事并表达角色的感想和动机。随着电影的角色化,观众常常区分不出角色与演员之间会存在什么差別。于是,举个例子来说,演员Humphrey Bogart 就是片中人物Sam Spade;角色特征与真人特征似乎融合在了一起,难分彼此。这也许是因为表演者本人的音质提供了角色构成的一个基本元素。

当声音特质配合了表演者的容貌和手势,一个完整而非常真实的人物就出现了。观众看到的不是一个演员在展示自己的技艺,而是另一个普通人在与他的人生进行着挣扎搏斗。这样一点颇为有趣:如何使用对话以及到底使用多少数量的对话在不同的电影中差别极大。比方说,在《20XX》这部非常成功的科幻电影中,并没有使用很多对话,出现的少量对话也大部分都是平淡无味的,几乎没有什么内在意趣。通过这种方式,电影拍摄者得以描绘出Thomas Sobochack和Vivian Sobochack在《电影简介》中所说到的那种效果:“相比于人类创造出来的宏伟科技和大千宇宙的视觉美感,个人的反应是多么的渺小不足”。

而另一方面,喜剧电影《育婴奇谭》则给出了几乎没有停歇、飞快得惊人的对话。这种对话的使用不但突出了Katherine Hepburn所扮演角色的滑稽荒谬,而且也强调了电影本身的荒诞和由此产生的幽默诙谐。观影者被从一个噱头抛向另一个噱头,从一场对话拉入另一场对话,根本来不及做出任何反应。观众们置身于一场各种行为快速切換的旋风之中,仅仅是努力跟上情节发展就已很不容易了。这部电影代表着纯粹的逃避现实主义风格——一大原因就在于其中凌乱癫狂的对话。

同步音效指的是那些与银幕上正在出现的画面同步或相匹配的声音。比方说,如果影片中的某个角色正在弹钢琴,那么钢琴的声音就会播放出来。同步的各种声音増加了影片的真实感并且有助于营造出某种特定的氛围。例如,一扇门被打开时发出的“咔嗒”声也许仅仅是为了向观众证明此处展示的场景是真实的,而观众可能也仅仅只是在潜意识中注意到了这个意料之中的声响。然而,如果开门的“咔嗒”声是一个即将到来的恶性事件——例如一场入室盗窃——之中的组成部分,影片混音师则有可能会刻意放大音量来引起观众的注意,这能有助于将观众卷入悬念时刻。

另一方面,不同步音效并不匹配于银幕上任何可见的声音来源。之所以运用这样的音效,是为了提供某种恰当的微妙情绪氛围,同时也有可能増加影片的真实感。比如,在影片前景的声音和画面正在描述两个人进行争吵的时候,影片拍摄者有可能会选择救护车的汽笛声作为背景声音。这种不同步的救护车汽笛声突出了争吵所带来的精神伤害;而与此同时,汽笛的声音还增加了影片的真实感,因为它提示了影片的城市背景设定。

我们大概都已对电影中的背景音乐相当熟悉了,它们在影片中如此无处不在,以至于只在没有出现的时候我们才能注意到。我们知道它被用来渲染情绪和韵律。它一般不会喧宾夺主引人关注,而是为影片中所刻画的故事和/或人物提供了某种基调或情绪态度。此外,背景音乐还常常能够预示一种氛围上的变化。比方说,凌乱失调的音乐可以在电影中用来暗示一场正在到来(但目前还并不明显可见)的危险或灾难。

背景音乐可以通过在不同场景之间建立联系来帮助观众理解剧情。例如,与某个角色或场景有关的某个特定的乐曲主题可以在影片中不同的部位反复出现,由此来提醒观众注意到其核心主旨或主题思想。

电影声音同时包含传统和创新。我们已经逐渐学会了预期在飞速追车的场景中音乐一定会加速,而在恐怖电影中则必定会有嘎吱作响的门声。然而,注意到这样一点也是极其重要的:声音往往是以一种十分精妙出色的方式被人们所感知。音效的作用通常在很大程度上是微妙难察的,常常只有我们的潜意识思维才会注意到它们。除了关注影片的空间效果之外,我们需要刻意培养自己注意电影音效的能力,这样才能真正欣赏到这种在20世纪里如此鲜活而富有生机的艺术形式——现代电影。

TEST 4 PASSAGE 3 参考译文:

“这项美妙的发明”

A 在人类所有各种各样的创造品中,语言必定占有最重要的地位。其他发明——车轮、农耕、切片面包——也许彻底改变了我们的物质生活,但语言的进步才是真正使得我们称其为人的关键所在。与语言相比,所有其他发明在重要性上都会黯然失色,因为我们所取得的一切成就都有赖于语言并且源自于它。如果没有语言,我们人类永远不可能登上凌驾所有其他动物、甚至驾驭大自然本身的高高位置。

B 但是语言之所以地位至高无上,并不仅仅因为它的先来先到。就其本身而言它是一种极其精密复杂的工具,然而其基础理念却又简单纯粹得令人称奇:“这项奇妙的发明利用二十五或三十种发音组合出了那样无穷无尽的表达方式,这些发音自身虽然与我们心中所想并无相似之处,却使得我们可以借此向其他人展露出心中的全部秘密,令那些原本无法透视我们心灵的他人知晓我们全部的想象意念,以及我们灵魂中所有的震颤悸动。”这就是在:1660年,位于凡尔赛附近Port-Royal修道院中那些著名的法语语法大师们所用来精炼地阐释语言精髓的措辞,自那以来再也没有其他人能用更加雄辩的方式来高度赞颂语言所取得成就的辉煌灿烂、举足轻重了。即便如此,在所有这些赞颂之词中还是存在着一个问题,因为对于语言之独一无二成就的敬辞掩盖了一个简单却又至关重要的不一致性。语言是人类最伟大的发明——只除了,当然了,它根本不是被发明的。这种显而易见的悖论正是我们惊叹着迷于语言的核心原因,它包含着语言自身的许多秘密。

C 语言通常看起来如此匠心机巧、精密完善,除了将它视作某个天才大师的完美设计之外简直无法再做他想。如若不然,这个工具是如何能用捉襟见肘的二三十个细碎音素拼凑出如此丰富意义的?如果单凭它们自己,这些不同口部形状所发出来的声音——p, f, b, v, t, d, k, g, sh, a, e等等——只不过是些随意的吞吐之声,没有任何含义的偶然声响,没有能力表达思想,没有力量解释说明。但是把它们送进语言机器的齿轮转动之中,让它用一些非常特殊的顺序将它们排列组合一番,就没有什么是这些原本毫无意义的气流所不能做到的了:从叹息生活那看似没完没了的无聊平淡,到破解宇宙的基本秩序。

D 然而,语言的最为非比寻常之处,在于任何人都不需要天赋异禀才能让它的齿轮开始运转。语言机器允许每个人——无论是亚热带稀树草原上过着原始生活的狩猎采集者,还是城郊杂户区里的后现代哲学家——都能将这些无意义的声音联系起来,进行无穷无尽的组合以表达各种微妙的感受,并且全程显然不费吹灰之力。然而正是这种具有欺骗性的看似轻而易举性使得语言成了其自身成功的受害者,因为在日常生活中它的种.种辉煌成就通常被人们视作了理所应当。语言的机轮转动得如此平顺,以至于我们很少会费心去停下来思考一下:要让它顺利运转,其背后必定是动用了多少随机应变与精密技巧。语言掩盖住了艺术。

E 通常,只有当遭遇了陌生的外来语言,体会了它们的许多稀奇古怪和不同之处,我们才开始意识到语言的设计精妙之处。有一些语言能够展示出来的最今人叹为观止的特色之一,是能够搭建起某些长得无法一口气读完的单词,由此用一个单词就能表达英语需要用一整个句子才能说出来的意思。举一个例子来说明,土耳其词汇sehirmisriremediklerirnizdensiniz表示的意思是“你就是这样一个我们怎么都没法改造成乡镇人的家伙。”(请不要疑惑,这个看着吓人的字眼真的只是一个单词,而并非是许多不同的词汇被强行挤压在了一起——这个单词中的许多组成部分甚至不能独立构成某一个词。)。

F 如果上面那个例子听起来像是某个例外性的怪胎,那么请考虑一下苏美尔语,讲这种语言的人们在大约5000年前住在幼发拉底河两岸,他们发明了书写并由此开创了书面的历史记载。像munintuma’a(当他为她把它准备合适了以后)这样的一个苏美尔词汇若是与上面那个庞然大物的土耳其字眼相比,可能会显得相当简洁。然而,它之所以如此令人惊叹,并非它的冗长而是恰恰相反——正是其语义构建的紧凑简约。这个单词由不同的片段组成,每个片段对应一部分语义。这种先进流畅的设计使得单个发音也可以传达出有用信息,而且实际上即使某个没有发出来的音都可以用以表达某些特定含义。如果你要问,在一个可以翻译成英语句子“当他为她把它准备合适了以后”的苏美尔单词中,哪一个部分对应于“它”这个意思,那么答案只能是“没有”。不过你要注意了,这是一种非常特定性的没有:是位于单词片段之间的空白之处的没有。也就是说,这门语言技术己经如此精编细制,甚至是一个没有发出来的声音,当它被仔细放置在某个特定位置的时候,都被赋予了一个具体的功能。究竟是什么人发明了这样一项奇妙的装置呢?

剑桥阅读答案 第3篇

Test 1 Passage1

Question 1

答案:B

关键词:exchange of expertise, between different sports/collaborate, across a number of sports

定位原文:B段第2、3句“ collaborates with… a number of sports …”

解题思路: 题干中讲到不同体育领域的专业知识交流正好跟原文中跨不同体育专家之间的合作相对应,理解意思即可容易找到正确答案。

Question 2

答案:C

关键词: visual imaging/3D, image

定位原文: C段第6句: “ off the prototype of a 3D analysis …”

解题思路: 通过题干中的视频成像可以很容易找到原文中对应的3D和成像。

Question 3

答案:B

关键词: a reason for narrowing/ can’t waste time

定位原文: B段最后1句: “We can’t waste our time looking…”

解题思路: 题目中的research activity和原文中的scientific questions 属于同义表达,定位答题区域,发现此句话所要表达的意思是不在一些飘渺的、不切实际的科学问题上浪费时间,也就是说要缩小研究的范围。

Question 4

答案:F

关键词:AIS ideas reproduce/ copying

定位原文: F段第1句话 “Of course, there’s nothing…”

解题思路: 题干中的reproduce是复制的意思,之后从文章中发现句子有复制copying,即可以直接定位。

Question 5

答案:D

关键词:Obstacle, investigated/ impact, monitor

定位原文: D段第6句“ to monitor heart rate…”

解题思路: 题干提到理想成绩的障碍是如何被调查研究的,而读到对应句子之后看到正好是sensors(传感器)对于运动员跑步的impact(影响)进行研究的仪器,而且obstacles和impact对应。

Question 6

答案:A

关键词:Overview, funded support finance

定位原文: A段倒数第2句 “ programmes of excellence…”

解题思路: finances是解题关键,意思为资助,正好跟题干中funded support表达了相同的义项,直接对应。而且之后一句话提及以上项目所提供的服务和建议,可以确信答案。

Question 7

答案:E

关键词:Calculated before an event/ using data, well before a championship

定位原文: E段第1句、第2句 “Using data is a complex Well before a championship, ”

解题思路: 首先通过well before a championship和文章中before an event定位到E段, 之后发现后面提及的“竞争模型”作用就是计算时间和速率,因此内容对应上calculate,此时可断定答案的位置。

Question 8

答案:A

关键词: digital cameras

定位原文: C段倒数第3句: “ system now used in Australian national…”

解题思路: 前一句已经提到该系统已广泛应用于澳大利亚各项全国赛事之中,而没有提到其他国家,因此可以判断应该只有澳大利亚人在使用。

Question 9

答案:B

关键词:sensor

定位原文: D段第7句:“ the Cooperative Research Centre for Micro…”

解题思路: 找到相同对应词sensor,读其前后的句子,发现有 Melbourne,断定是澳大利亚人的发明。之后要特别留心动词develop运用现在进行时,表示正在开发;而且注意之后的定语从句采用了将来时,所以可以断定此发明还没有完成,应该属于将来的成果。因此选择B。

Question 10

答案: A

关键词:protein

定位原文: D段倒数第4句: “… AIS and the University of Newcastle…”

解题思路: 非常容易在前面第一句话中找到跟题目protein tests所对应的词语a test 。之后细读前后句,发现后面一句话对于此项科技成果的受益者文章中只提到AIS运动员,即澳大利亚体育学院的运动员,隶属于澳大利亚,所以应该选择A。

Question 11

答案:C

关键词: altitude tent

定位原文: F段倒数第2句: “The same has happened to the ‘altitude tent ’…”

解题思路: 文章中很容易找到用引号括起来的题目中的名词短语,因此只要细心读原句,就会发现开头的‘The same has ’同样的事情也发生在……根据经验应该顺着文章向上追溯,发现跟‘altitude tent’相同情况的是1996年奥运会上澳大利亚人受益的流线型散热运动服现在全世界都在用。因此 ‘altitude tent’也被世界各国应用。所以答案应该选择C。且根据此段话大意可以了解文章只提到两种研究成果被别国运用,即髙原帐蓬和流线型散热服。所以可以间接判断前三项成果是由澳大利人独享的。

Question 12

答案:
(a)competition model

关键词:
help an athlete plan, produced / prepare the athlete by, developing

定位原文: E段第1句“Using data…”

解题思路: Help an athlete plan their performance 对应上prepare the athlete by之后,要认真研究题目所问的是what is produced,断定所作答案必定要填一个名词。因此要细读原文发现有单词developing恰与produced相对应,中文意思是“开发”,则答案必定是开发之后的名词。

Question 13

答案:
(by)2 percent/%

关键词:
19% Olympic Games, cyclists, improve

定位原文: F段第3句“At the Atlanta…”

解题思路: 分析问句是 ‘By how improve’,意思为“提高了多少”,可以判断出答案需要写一个数字。因此仔细阅读相关语句找到 sliced as much as two per cent off cyclists ‘and rowers’ time。很快就可以找到数字百分之二。

Test 1 Passage 2

Question 14

答案:I

关键词:suggestion, in the future /would help

定位原文: I 段最后1句“Bringing these barriers down would help…”

解题思路: 首先看到题干中有明确的时间词“在未来”。根据段意,可以判定应该是文章的最后一段。之后看题干中的定位词suggestion表示建议,在文章结尾部分的最后一句话,可以清楚地找到它是作者对于提高贸易的一个建议,完全对应。

Question 15

答案:
F

关键词:electronic telephone

定位原文: F段第3句“ by transmitting…”

解题思路: 题干中提到电子式的传递,很容易跟文章关于信息产业的F段挂钩,之后再细读本段第二句话就可以找到与题干相对应的 telephone。因此,答案是F段。

Question 16

答案:
E

关键词:similar cost Abroad, local/ Singapore, domestic

定位原文: E段倒数第2句“… manufacturers in Japan or Texas…”

解题思路: 题干是说“无论是国际还是国内的,在运输货物环节的相近成本。”也就是说国内的运输和国际的运输成本基本相同,间接表明国际运输成本比较低。而文章中此句话的意思是“即使从新加坡进口磁盘驱动器而不是在国内市场购买,日本或美国得克萨斯州的计算机制造商们也不会面对花费高出很多的运费账单”。可以看出制造商们不用花费很高的运费,正好跟题干相应。

Question 17

答案:D

关键词:Weakening relationship, value of goods, cost of delivery/unrelated to

定位原文: D段第2句“ output has shifted into goods…”

解题思路: 题干的weakening relationship(弱化的关系),跟文章unrelated to (不相关的)属于同义表达,描述的问题是商品价值和运输成本的关系。

Question 18

答案:
TRUE

关键词:international trade, world economy

定位原文: A段第2句“ global economy has been expanding…”

解题思路: 非常明显,twice是题眼,表示trade是global economy的两倍,所以看出国际贸易要比世界经济增长快很多,正好对应上定位词和题干。

Question 19

答案:
FALSE

关键词:cheap labour

定位原文: B段最后1句“Cheap labour may make Chinese…”

解题思路: 此题找到对应段落,正好cheap labour用词一样。之后文章尽管说廉价劳动力使得中国纺织品在美国具有竞争力,但要注意转折词‘but’,它使意思发生转变。后面的句子可以看出,如果没有好的、及时的运输,那么贸易也就失去了优势(lose advantages)。因此正好是驳斥了题干中关于廉价劳动力对于贸易的保证关系,因此题干与文章的意思不相符。

Question 20

答案: NOT GIVEN

关键词:Japan,France

定位原文: C段第1句“ and manufacturing…”

解题思路: 文章中C段正好有对应的法国和日本。但文章原义是“农业和制造业几乎曾是各地最重要的两大行业,其比重占德 国、意大利和法国总产量的约70%,以及美国、英国和日本总产量的40%~50%。”提到法 国比日本多的是农业和制造业的总产量,可文中并没有提及关于肉类和钢铁的进口问题。此题是典型的题不对文,因此应该选择NOT GIVEN。

Question 21

答案:TRUE

关键词:trade with nearby nations

定位原文: D段第1句“Countries still trade disproportionately…”

解题思路: 定位句译文是“各国仍然将重点放在与邻国的贸易往来上”。其中geographic neighbours与nearby nations对应,still和continue也对应。句子意思也跟题干意思完全吻合,因此此题应该选择TRUE。

Question 22

答案:
NOT GIVEN

关键词:
small computer components

定位原文: E段第2句“Most of the world’s disk-drive…”

解题思路: 首先确定小的电脑零件只能在E和F段来找,而根据E段提供的信息,大部分的电脑配件之一——硬盘都在东南亚生产。而并没有提到电脑零件在德国生产,因此文章中没有提及,既不肯定也不否定在德国生产小的电脑零件。因此答案应该是NOT GIVEN。

Question 23

答案:G

关键词:significant effect on, business of moving freight, increasingly streamlined

定位原文: E段第1句“To see how this influences trade…”

解题思路: 找到E段开头句‘To see how this influences trade’,可以知道是承接上一段货物类型转变与运输关系的。因此跟 business of moving freight becomes increasingly streamlined对应,而且两个词语effect和influence表达相同意义,因此可以选择influences后面的trade(贸易)作为答案。而题干词库中正好有trade一词,可以直接选择答案G。

Question 24

答案:B

关键词:computers, for instance, / overseas, rather than, local

定位原文: E段倒数第2句: “ in Japan or Texas will not face hugely ”

解题思路: 根据语法,此处要求填写一个名词。而题干附近有一个很明显的关键词‘for instance’,典型的举例题,而且根据之前的computers就可以定位在E段,因为E段核心是一个例子。之后就很容易地可以填出应该是电脑的硬盘及divers。但是答案选项里面却没有,只能选择相关的髙一级的词汇components。

Question 25

答案:C

关键词:introduction

定位原文: G段第2句“But, behind the…”

解题思路: 根据空格前面的introduction可以推出需要填写的是一种方法或者科研成果。而根据上下文和题目关系以及定位词找到在G段第二句话中,有 cargo-handling与之对应。之后看到斜体字中即为两种方法,集装箱运输和多式联运,那么可以判断innovations和introduction相对应。而且答案应该跟container有关,答案应该填写C。

Question 26

答案:A

关键词:
governments

定位原文: H段第3句的“National governments…”

解题思路: 用government可以快速定位在H段,而且根据题干中所涉及的domestic cargo sector可以和 truck and railroad对应,因此答案就在这句话中,通过分析,题目的空格应该是填写“降低”的宾语。而国家应该降低原文句中的tariffs(关税)。因此答案选择A。

Test 1 Passage 3

Question 27

答案:i

关键词:段落匹配题,暂无关键词

定位原文: B段倒数第2句“…they believe their best hope of…”

解题思路: B段主要介绍了因纽特人不满足于自己袖手旁观而让外国专家们告知他们北极的现状,他们要把祖先的知识和现代科技进行结合来解决环境变化问题。很明显可以看出,这是对于环境变化的一种反应和对策。因此答案为i。

Question 28

答案:
vi

关键词:段落匹配题,暂无关键词

定位原文: C段第1句“The Canadian Arctic…”

解题思路: C段详细地描述了位于加拿大北极圈里面的地貌,而且还提及了因纽特人的祖先顽强地适应了下来并定居在这片土地上。因此逐个分析答案可以看到只有vi符合原段意思。

Question 29

答案:
iii

关键词:段落匹配题,暂无关键词

定位原文: D段后半部分:food / clothing / provisions / meat

解题思路: 此段重点描述了过去因纽特人依靠自然提供食物和衣服,而现在则是更加先进的飞机和船运进口必需品,所以可以看出一个转变的过程。纵观题干,不难看出答案是iii,即生活必需品的替代的来源。

Question 30

答案:vii

关键词:段落匹配题,暂无关键词

定位原文: E段第1句“ there has certainly been an impact on peopled ”

解题思路: 首先E段开头用while,则可判断主题句应该在后半句。意思是这些气候变化会对人们的健康有影响。通过下一句的举例:肥胖,心脏病和糖尿病就可以判断出是一个负面的影响那么对应题干negative effect,故答案是 vii。

Question 31

答案:iv

关键词:段落匹配题,暂无关键词

定位原文: F段第一句和引言句“ the Inuit are determined to play a key role in …in the / recent years, IQ… ”

解题思路: F段首句提出了因纽特人决定在应对北极环境变化要起关键作用。后面第五行的一句话,说“IQ已经逐渐显示出其可信度和重要性。”因此可以确定与答案iv相对应:对于因纽特人的意见和痤议越来越尊重。故答案是 iv。

Question 32

答案:ii

关键词:段落匹配题,暂无关键词

定位原文: G段第3句“There are still huge gaps…”

解题思路: 通过对于主题句进行分析,前半句提出观电,后半句给予说明。所以,作者本段的观点应该是“我们的环境知识还很匮乏”。gaps in knowledge很容易跟题干ii选项中的 understanding limited对应,因此断定答案选择ii。

Question 33

答案:
farming

关键词:Canadian Arctic

定位原文: C段第3句“Farming is out of the question…”

解题思路: 此空格要求填一个名词,因为engage in表示“参与”的意思,后面in应该跟名词。看题目中填空的附近有一个impossible,表示否定。这样带着目的去阅读C 段文章,可以找到这句话。根据分析,文章中的out of question和题目中impossible对应,因此可以找到 out of question的主语即farming就是我们需要的答案,而且说engage in farming符合常理和语法规则。

Question 34 & Question 35

答案:sea mammals fish (in either order)

关键词:catching, and

定位原文: C段第4句“ by exploiting sea mammals and ”

解题思路: 首先看到and并列连词,所以34和35题两个是并列关系,这可以帮助我们找到答案。另外一点是可以判断出34和35题要填写名词,做catching的宾语。这样到文章中去对应可以找到这句话。看到exploiting和 catching完全对应,而且后面的两个名词是并列关系,所以可以说轻而易举就找到了正确答案mammals和fish。关键的连词如and等有的时候是解题的突破口。

Question 36

答案:Thule

关键词:pushed limits

定位原文: C段第5句到C段结束“The environment tested … limits / group emerged …the Arctic / These Thule people moved in from ”

解题思路: 由于空格附近是people,因此可以断定空格处应该填一个形容词。而且这类人是latter的一个example,而且是“后者的一个例子” 所以此题要通读有空格的一句话和空格之前的一句话。可以看出要写的一类人是成功生活在艰难环境中的。找到pushed limits 作为定位词,在文章中找到对应句子。但是答案,不在这里,我们需要找到成功的人群。因此继续往下跟踪,看到文章提到了成功的人群,但直到最后才找到本题的正确答案。Thule人,注意要忠实原文,一定要大写T。注意此题阅读跨度比较大,很容易出错,因此要细致。

Question 37

答案:
islands

关键词:territory of Nunavut, / ice, rock

定位原文: D段第2句“Nunavut is million square…”

解题思路: 题干很明显的定位词Nunavut可以在文章的D段开头找到。之后文章里面出现了‘rock and ice,and a handful of islands’,这样答案很清晰地和题干对应上,因此直接填上islands就可以了。特别要注意的是,题干空格前面用‘a few of’来修饰,因此后面空格里必须是复数。

Question 38

答案:nomadic

关键词:in recent years / been obliged to give up / lifestyle

定位原文: D段第4句“Over the past 40 years, most…”

解题思路: 题干中提及被迫放弃什么生活方式,因此要求填一个形容词来修饰生活方式lifestyle。而时间状语in recent years是关键定位词。继续37题往下读。可以看到一个时间状语over the past 40 years正好跟我们的in recent years对应,而abandon与give up,ways和lifestyle。相对应,答案已经找到,即abandon后面的宾语ways的修饰语nomadic。

Question 39

答案:
nature

关键词:depend on food and clothes

定位原文: D段最后一句的最后半句“ they still rely nature to…”

解题思路: 题干很短,但已经足够判断出depend on后面需要填写一个名词,即依靠什么东西。而后面的food and clothes是非常好的定位词。很快在文章中就可以找到对应depend on的rely on,而后面又有food and clothes,因此答案可以很清楚地判断出rely on的宾语就是答案,即nature。

Question 40

答案:
Imported

关键词: expensive

定位原文: D段最后5句话

解题思路: 通读这五句话,整体把握大意。其中,会看到他们的日用品都需要用costly(昂贵的)航空运输或者在夏天通过补给船运,costly对应expensive。后面就需要概括地去看所有这些必需品都是要进口的,也就是imported(进口的),而答案就是imported。首字母要大写。


剑桥阅读答案 第4篇

TEST 1 PASSAGE 1参考译文:

Johnson’s Dictionary

约翰逊博士的字典

For the century before Johnson’s Dictionary was published in 1775, there had been concern about the state of the English There was no standard way of speaking or writing and no agreement as to the best way of bringing some order to the chaos of English Dr Johnson provided the

约翰逊博士的《字典》于1775年出版,在此之前的一个世纪,人们一直对英语的发展状况担忧。口语和书面语没有统一的标准,对于如何整顿英语拼写混乱的局面也没有统一的看法。正是约翰逊博士为这一问题提供了解决方案。

There had, of course, been dictionaries in the past, the first of these being a little book of some 120 pages, compiled by a certain Robert Cawdray, published in 1604 under the title A Table Alphabeticall ‘of hard usuall English wordes’. Like the various dictionaries that came after it during the seventeenth century, Cawdray’s tended to concentrate on ‘scholarly’ words; one function of the dictionary was to enable its student to convey an impression of fine

当然,在此之前也有过一些字典《其中最早的是一本约120页的小册子,由一个叫Robert Cawdray的人编辑,于1604年出版,名为《按字母排序的罕见英语词汇表》。正如后来17世纪出版的许多字典一样,Cawdray倾向于着重收录学术词汇。这本字典的功能之一就是使字典的使用者能体现出良好的学术修养。

Beyond the practical need to make order out of chaos, the rise of dictionaries is associated with the rise of the English middle class, who were anxious to define and circumscribe the various worlds to conquer — lexical as well as social and it is highly appropriate that Dr Samuel Johnson, the very model of an eighteenth-century literary man, as famous in his own time as in ours, should have published his Dictionary at the very beginning of the heyday of the middle

除了规范英语混乱状态的实际需要外,英语字典的兴盛也与英国中产阶级的兴起有关。这些中产阶级渴望对各种要征服的环境进行定义和约束,包括词汇环境、社会环境和商业环境。塞缪尔?约翰逊博士作为18世纪文学家的典型代表,在当时和现在都享有盛誉,他在中产阶级正如日中天之时出版他的《字典》真是再合“时”不过了。

Johnson was a poet and critic who raised common sense to the heights of His approach to the problems that had worried writers throughout the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries was intensely Up until his time, the task of producing a dictionary on such a large scale had seemed impossible without the establishment of an academy to make decisions about right and wrong Johnson decided he did not need an academy to settle arguments about language; he would write a dictionary himself and he would do it Johnson signed the contract for the Dictionary with the bookseller Robert Dosley at a breakfast held at the Golden Anchor Inn near Holbom Bar on 18 June was to be paid £ in instalments, and from this he took money to rent Gough Square, in which he set up his ‘dictionary workshop’.

约翰逊是诗人、批评家,他将常识提髙到了天赋的髙度。对于那些从17世纪晚期到18世纪早期一直困扰着作家的问题,约翰逊的解决方法是非常实用的。在约翰逊之前,如果没有专门的学术机构判别正确与错误的用法,要出版这样一部大型字典几乎是不可能的。约翰逊则认为不需要学术机构来解决语言上的争端,他要自己编一本字典,而且要自己亲手去编。1764年6月18日,约翰逊与书商Robert Dosley在Holbom酒店附近的Golden Anchor旅店吃早餐时,签订了关于这本《字典》的合同。约翰逊因此获得了总价值1575英镑的分期付款,他从这些钱中拿出一些租下了17Gough广场,在这里建起了自己的“字典作坊”。

James Boswell, his biographer, described the garret where Johnson worked as ‘fitted up like a counting house’ with a long desk running down the middle at which the copying clerks would work standing Johnson himself was stationed on a rickety chair at an ‘old crazy deal table’ surrounded by a chaos of borrowed He was also helped by six assistants, two of whom died whilst the Dictionary was still in

James Boswell曾为约翰逊作传,他描述说约翰逊工作的阁楼就像“一个账房”,中间有一张长长的的桌子,负责抄写的工作人员站着工作。约翰逊坐在一把快要散架的椅子上,面前是一张老式的摇摇晃晃的文案桌,周围乱七八糟堆放着一堆借来的书。同时旁边有六个助手帮助,其中两个在《字典》编纂的筹备阶段就去世了。

The work was immense; filling about eighty large notebooks (and without a library to hand), Johnson wrote the definitions of over 40,000 words, and illustrated their many meanings with some 114,000 quotations drawn from English writing on every subject, from the Elizabethans to his own He did not expect to achieve complete Working to a deadline, he had to draw on the best of all previous dictionaries, and to make his work one of heroic In fact, it was very much Unlike his predecessors, Johnson treated English very practically, as a living language, with many different shades of He adopted his definitions on the principle of English common law — according to After its publication, his Dictionary was not seriously rivalled for over a

工作量是巨大的。当时,约翰逊在身边还没有图书馆可参阅的条件下,将80大本笔记进行了分类整理,撰写了4万多条词的定义,并将这些词的多个义项用约万条从各个学科的英语书面材料中摘出的引例加以佐证上些引例来源极广,从伊丽莎白时代到当时作家的作品都被涵盖在内。约翰逊并没有想进行完全的自我创作。由于有最后期限,他不得不吸收先前所有字典的精华之处,这就使他的工作成了一项规模宏大的整合工作。事实上,约翰逊所做的工作绝不仅限于此。和以前的字典编基者不同的是,约翰逊对待英语的态度十分务实。他将英语看成是活的语言,意思上有许多细微的差别。他对词的定义采取英语普通法则:遵照先例。因此,约翰逊的《字典》出版后,在长达一个多世纪的时间里,都没有出现一本真正能与其相媲美的字典。

After many vicissitudes the Dictionary was finally published on 15 April It was instantly recognised as a landmark throughout ‘This very noble work,’ wrote the leading Italian lexicographer, ‘will be a perpetual monument of Fame to the Author, an Honour to his own Country in particular, and a general Benefit to the republic of Letters throughout Europe" The fact that Johnson had taken on the Academies of Europe and matched them (everyone knew that forty French academics had taken forty years to produce the first French national dictionary) was cause for much English

几经周折后,约翰逊的这本《字典》终于在1775年4月15日出版了。一经出版,这本字典就在整个欧洲获得了一致认可,被誉为里程碑式的著作?一位意大利著名的辞书编築者写道:“这项崇高的作品将成为其著者永恒的荣誉丰碑,也是其祖国的一项特别荣耀,这部作品惠及了整个欧洲大陆文学界。”众所周知,40个法国学者花了40年的时间才出版了第一部法语字典。而约翰逊一个人就承担了一项欧洲学术界所做的工作并毫不逊色地把它完成,这一切都让英国人引以为傲。

Johnson had worked for nine years, ‘with little assistance of the learned, and without any patronage of the great; not in the soft obscurities of retirement, or under the shelter of academic bowers, but amidst inconvenience and distraction, in sickness and in sorrow’. For all its faults and eccentricities his two-volume work is a masterpiece and a landmark, in his own words, ‘setting the orthography, displaying the analogy, regulating the structures, and ascertaining the significations of English words’. It is the cornerstone of Standard English an achievement which, in James Boswell’s words ‘conferred stability on the language of his ’

约翰逊几乎没有得到学者的帮助或伟人的赞助,也没有退休后的舒适条件,更不是在凉爽的书房中完成工作。他是在种.种不便与干扰中、在疾病折磨和忧伤中一直工作了九年。尽管存在瑕疵和怪异之处,他的这部两卷本的著作仍然称得上是一部杰作,一座里程碑。用他自己的话说,这本字典“规范了拼写,进行了词汇比较,规范了结构,明确了英文字词的含义”。这部字典为后来的标准英语奠定了基础,这一成就,用James Boswell的话说,就是“为英语的稳定做出了贡献”。

The Dictionary, together with his other writing, made Johnson famous and so well esteemed that his friends were able to prevail upon King George Ⅲ to offer him a From then on, he was to become the Johnson of

约翰逊因为这部《字典》和其他一些作品而闻名于世并备受尊重,这使得他的朋友能够说服国王乔治三世赏赐给他养老金。从那时起,他就成了家喻户晓的约翰逊。

TEST 1 PASSAGE 2 参考译文:

Nature or Nurture?

是先天本性还是后天控制?

A A few years ago, in one of the most fascinating and disturbing experiments in behavioural psychology, Stanley Milgram of Yale University tested 40 subjects from all walks of life for their willingness to obey instructions given by a ‘leader’ in a situation in which the subjects might feel a personal distaste for the actions they were called upon to Specifically Milgram told each volunteer ‘teacher-subject’ that the experiment was in the noble cause of education, and was designed to test whether or not punishing pupils for their mistakes would have a positive effect on the pupils’ ability to

A 几年前,耶鲁大学的Stanley Milgram进行了一项行为心理学试验,这项试验十分有趣但又令试验对象深感不安。40名试验对象分别来自社会各界。试验要测试在对某领导命令做的事情可能产生反感的情况下,这些试验对象是否愿意执行命令。Milgram向每位在试验中扮演教师角色的志愿者明确地解释,试验是为了崇高的教育事业而进行的,是要测试体罚犯错误的学生是否会对学生的学习能力产生积极的影响。

B Milgram’s experimental set-up involved placing the teacher-subject before a panel of thirty switches with labels ranging from ‘15 volts of electricity (slight shock)’ to ‘450 volts (danger — severe shock)’ in steps of 15 volts The teacher-subject was told that whenever the pupil gave the wrong answer to a question, a shock was to be administered, beginning at the lowest level and increasing in severity with each successive wrong The supposed ‘pupil’ was in reality an actor hired by Milgram to simulate receiving the shocks by emitting a spectrum of groans, screams and writings together with an assortment of statements and expletives denouncing both the experiment and the Milgram told the teacher-subject to ignore the reactions of the pupil, and to administer whatever level of shock was called for, as per the rule governing the experimental situation of the

B Milgram的试验方案是让这些扮演教师角色的试验对象到一个有30个切换开关的控电板前,开关上面分别贴着电压标签,从15伏(轻度电击)开始,每个开关依次增大15伏,一直增大到450伏(危险的严重电击)。然后告诉这些试验对象,学生每回答错一个问题,就施加一次电击, 从最低电压开始,随着错误题数的增加,电击强度也依次增加。试验中的学生实际上是Mifgram雇佣的演员,他发出各种呻吟、叫喊声并痛苦地扭动身体甚至用污言移语谩骂试验者和试验本身,来模拟出学生遭受电击后的反应Milgram让这些扮演教师角色的试验对象不要理会学生的反应,按照控制试验条件的规则,不管电压多髙都要直接施加。

C As the experiment unfolded, the pupil would deliberately give the wrong answers to questions posed by the teacher, thereby bringing on various electrical punishments, even up to the danger level of 300 volts and Many of the teacher-subjects balked at administering the higher levels of punishment, and turned to Milgram with questioning looks and/or complaints about continuing the In these situations, Milgram calmly explained that the teacher-subject was to ignore the pupil’s cries for mercy and carry on with the If the subject was still reluctant to proceed, Milgram said that it was important for the sake of the experiment that the procedure be followed through to the His final argument was ‘you have no other You must go on’. What Milgram was trying to discover was the number of teacher-subjects who would be willing to administer the highest levels of shock, even in the face of strong personal and moral revulsion against the rules and conditions of the

C 随着试验的展开,这个学生要故意答错老师提出的问题,从而受到各种级别电击的惩罚,甚至是高达300伏的危险电压或更高电压的电击惩罚。许多扮演教师的试验对象在实施高电压惩罚时犹豫不决,面带疑惑地看着Milgram或者对继续试验颇有微词。一旦遇到这种情况,Milgram就会冷静地向扮演教师的试验对象解释说,不要理会学生请求怜悯的呼喊,继续试验。如果试验对象仍不肯继续试验,Milgram就告诉他们,为了完成试验将试验步骤进行到底是很重要的。如果这样仍不奏效的话, Milgram就会说:“你别无选择,必须继续试验。”Milgram想要找出的是,面对人性和道德对试验规则和条件强烈的反感,有多少扮演教师的试验对象会愿意施加最高电压的电击惩罚。

D Prior to carrying out the experiment, Milgram explained his idea to a group of 39 psychiatrists and asked them to predict the average percentage of people in an ordinary population who would be willing to administer the highest shock level of 450 The overwhelming consensus was that virtually all the teacher-subjects would refuse to obey the The psychiatrists felt that ‘most subjects would not go beyond 150 volts’ and they further anticipated that only four per cent would go up to 300 Furthermore, they thought that only a lunatic fringe of about one in 1,000 would give the highest shock of 450

D 在进行试验之前, Milgram向39名精神科医生解释了他的想法,让他们预测一下普通人群中平均会有多大比例的人愿意施加最高达450伏的电击。这些医生几乎一致认为差不多所有扮演教师的试验对象都会拒绝遵从试验人的命令。这些精神科医生感到大多数扮演教师的试验对象不会施加超过150伏电压的电击,并进一步预测说,只有4%的人会施力P300伏以上电压的电击。而且,他们认为只有约千分之一的像疯子一样的人才会施加450伏的电压。

E What were the actual results? Well, over 60 per cent of the teacher-subjects continued to obey Milgram up to the 450-volt limit in repetitions of the experiment in other countries, the percentage of obedient teacher-subjects was even higher, reaching 85 per cent in one How can we possibly account for this vast discrepancy between what calm, rational, knowledgeable people predict in the comfort of their study and what pressured, flustered, but cooperative ‘teachers’ actually do in the laboratory of real life?

E 实际结果如何呢? 60%以上的扮演教师的试验对象一直遵从Milgram的命令,直到施加最高电压450伏的电击。在其他国家进行的重复试验中,愿意遵从命令的试验对象的比例更髙, 在某个国家:甚至髙达85%。那些冷静、理性、有学识的人们依靠他们的研究所得出的轻松的结论,与这些面临压力、紧张不安却遵守命令的扮演教师的试验对象在模拟真实生活的实验室中的所作所为竟然存在这么大的差异,我们怎样才能解释这种差异呢?

F One’s first inclination might be to argue that there must be some sort of built-in animal aggression instinct that was activated by the experiment, and that Milgram’s teache-subjects were just following a genetic need to discharge this pent-up primal urge onto the pupil by administering the electrical A modern hard-core sociobiologist might even go so far as to claim that this aggressive instinct evolved as an advantageous trait, having been of survival value to our ancestors in their struggle against the hardships of life on the plains and in the caves, ultimately finding its way into our genetic make-up as a remnant of our ancient animal

F人们第一反应可能会说,一定是试验激发了人内在的某种侵略性动物本能。Milgram试验中那些扮演教师的试验对象正是本能地靠施加电击来向学生发泄他们这种受到压抑的原始冲动。典型的现代社会生物学家甚至会称这种侵略性的本能是作为一种优势特征进化而来的,当我们的祖先在岩洞中和平原上与艰苦的生活作斗争时,这种本能对他们的生存起到了重要的作用。因此,这种本能最终作为远古时人类动物行为的遗留产物融人到我们的基因当中。

G An alternative to this notion of genetic programming is to see the teacher-subjects’ actions as a result of the social environment under which the experiment was carried As Milgram himself pointed out, ‘Most subjects in the experiment see their behaviour in a larger context that is benevolent and useful to society — the pursuit of scientific The psychological laboratory has a strong claim to legitimacy and evokes trust and confidence in those who perform An action such as shocking a victim, which in isolation appears evil, acquires a completely different meaning when placed in this ’

G 与这种基因说不同的观点是将那些扮演教师的试验对象的行为看作是进行试验的社会环境所造成的。正如Milgram自己所说:“大多数试验对象从大的背景出发,认为自己的行为是仁慈的,对社会有益的,是在追求科学真理。心理实验室又大力强调此举的合法性,因此使试验参与人员对其产生了信任和信心。像对受害人施加电击这件事,单独看来似乎是恶行,但在这种情况下却有了完全不同的意义。”

H Thus, in this explanation the subject merges his unique personality and personal and moral code with that of larger institutional structures, surrendering individual properties like loyalty, self-sacrifice and discipline to the service of malevolent systems of

H因此,按这种解释,扮演教师的试验对象是将自己的个性、个人准则和道德准则与更广泛的体制结构结合了起来,使个人的一些特性,如忠诚、自我牺牲和遵守规定,为恶毒的权威体制服务。

I Here we have two radically different explanations for why so many teacher-subjects were willing to forgo their sense of personal responsibility for the sake of an institutional authority The problem for biologists, psychologists and anthropologists is to sort out which of these two polar explanations is more This, in essence, is the problem of modern sociobiology — to discover the degree to which hard-wired genetic programming dictates, or at least strongly biases, the interaction of animals and humans with their environment, that is, their Put another way, sociobiology is concerned with elucidating the biological basis of all

I对于众多扮演教师的试验对象为了一个机构权威人物而愿意放弃他们个人责任感的这种行为,我们有两种完全不同的解释。生物学家、心理学家和人类学家所要解决的问题就是找出这两种截然对立的解释哪种更合理。从本质讲,这是一个当代社会生物学的问题一探索人自身相关基因组成能在多大程度上掌控,或至少说是强烈影响动物和人与环境的交互活动,即他们的行为。换句话说,社会生物学关注的是如何去阐释所有行为的生物学基础。

TEST 1 PASSAGE 3 参考译文:

The Truth about the Environment

环境问题真相

For many environmentalists, the world seems to be getting They have developed a hit-list of our main fears: that natural resources are running out; that the population is ever growing, leaving less and less to eat; that species are becoming extinct in vast numbers, and that the planet’s air and water are becoming ever more

在许多环境论者看来,我们的世界似乎变得越来越糟。他们列出了一系列我们担忧的问题:自然资源正在枯竭,人口不断增长,粮食越来越少,物种大批灭绝,地球的空气污染和水污染越来越严重。

But a quick look at the facts shows a different First, energy and other natural resources have become more abundant, not less so, since the book ‘The Limits to Growth’ was published in 1972 by a group of Second, more food is now produced per head of the world’s population than at any time in Fewer people are Third, although species are indeed becoming extinct, only about % of them are expected to disappear in the next 50 years, not 25-50%, as has so often been And finally, most forms of environmental pollution either appear to have been exaggerated, or are transient — associated with the early phases of industrialisation and therefore best cured not by restricting economic growth, but by accelerating One form of pollution — the release of greenhouse gases that causes global warming — does appear to be a phenomenon that is going to extend well into our future, but its total impact is unlikely to pose a devastating A bigger problem may well turn out to be an inappropriate response to

但我们只要简单分析一下事实就会发现另外一种情况。首先,自1972年一组科学家出版了《增长的极限》这本书以来,能源和其他自然资源是变得越来越丰富了,而不是越来越少。其次,人均粮食产量比以往任何时候都要高,挨饿的人越来越少。第三,尽管物种的确在灭绝,但未来50年只会有%的物种灭绝,而不是像人们通常所预计的25~50%。最后,大多数环境污染问题或者被夸大其词或者只是暂时的,只是与工业化的早期阶段相联系的,因此解决这些污染问题的最佳方法不是限制经济的发展, 而是加速经济的发展。有一种污染,即由于排放温室气体所引起的全球变暖问题,似乎会在未来长期存在,但其总效应却不大可能会带来特别严重的问题。更大的问题反而可能出在应对措施不得力上。

Yet opinion polls suggest that many people nurture the belief that environmental standards are declining and four factors seem to cause this disjunction between perception and

但是民意调査显示,许多人所持的观念认为环境质量标准在下降,造成这种事实与人们观念间的差异的原因大致有四个:

One is the lopsidedness built into scientific Scientific funding goes mainly to areas with many That may be wise policy, but it will also create an impression that many more potential problems exist than is the

一是科学研究上的偏颇。科学基金主要投人到存在问题的领域。这似乎是一项明智的决策,但是这同样也给人们造成了一种印象,似乎存在许多潜在的问题,而事实并非如此。

Secondly, environmental groups need to be noticed by the mass They also need to keep the money rolling Understandably, perhaps, they sometimes overstate their In 1997, for example, the World Wide Fund for Nature issued a press release entitled: ‘Two thirds of the world’s forests lost ’ The truth turns out to be nearer 20%.

第二,环保组织需要得到媒体的注意,也需要支持资金源源不断地流入。因此对于这些团体有时会有夸大其词的情况就不难理解了。比如说,1997年世界自然基金就发布一篇名为《世界森林2/3已不复存在》的新闻稿。而事实上世界森林只减少了20%左右。

Though these groups are run overwhelmingly by selfless folk, they nevertheless share many of the characteristics of other lobby That would matter less if people applied the same degree of scepticism to environmental lobbying as they do to lobby groups in other A trade organisation arguing for, say, weaker pollution controls is instantly seen as Yet a green organisation opposing such a weakening is seen as altruistic, even if an impartial view of the controls in question might suggest they are doing more harm than

尽管这些组织绝大多数都是由无私的人们管理运营的,但他们和其他游说团体有许多共同之处。除非人们对待环境问题的游说活动也像对待其他问题的游说活动一样,持同等的怀疑态度, 这种共同之处才不会发挥那么大的作用。比如说,一个贸易组织如果要求降低污染控制标准,这个组织马上就会被认为是在谋私利。而即使对这一污染控制标准的客观审视可能会证明环保组织反对这种污染控制的低标准是弊大于利,这个环保组织仍会被认为是无私的。

A third source of confusion is the attitude of the People are clearly more curious about bad news than Newspapers and broadcasters are there to provide what the public That, however, can lead to significant distortions of An example was America’s encounter with El Nino in 1997 and This climatic phenomenon was accused of wrecking tourism, causing allergies, melting the ski-slopes and causing 22 However, according to an article in the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, the damage it did was estimated at US$4 billion but the benefits amounted to some US$19 These came from higher winter temperatures (which saved an estimated 850 lives, reduced heating costs and diminished spring floods caused by meltwaters).

另一个使人们印象错位的因素就是媒体的态度。显然,人们对坏消息比对好消息更好奇。新闻和广播就是要提供大众所需要的东西。而这一点可能会导致人们认识上的巨大偏差J997年和1998年美国受到了厄尔尼诺现象的影响就是一个例子。人们责难这一气候现象使旅游业陷于瘫痪,引起人们的过敏症状, 使一个滑雪坡融化造成22人死亡。尽管如此,美国气象协会公告上的一篇文章却认为, 尽管厄尔尼诺造成的损失估计有40亿美元,但它带来的收益却髙达约190亿美元。这主要得益于冬季气温的升髙,这种升温拯救了大约850人的生命,降低了取暖费用,缓解了由于冰峰河流春季融化造成的春洪。

The fourth factor is poor individual People worry that the endless rise in the amount of stuff everyone throws away will cause the world to run out of places to dispose of Yet, even if America’s trash output continues to rise as it has done in the past, and even if the American population doubles by 2100, all the rubbish America produces through the entire 21st century will still take up only one-12,000th of the area of the entire United

第四个因素是个人见识的狭隘。人们担心人均垃圾产生量的日益增多将使世界无处存放垃圾。但是,即使美国的垃圾产生量像以前那样继续增加,即使到2100年美国的人口加倍,全美国在整个21世纪产生的垃圾仍然仅会占到美国领土总面积的1/12,000。

So what of global warming? As we know, carbon dioxide emissions are causing the planet to The best estimates are that the temperatures will rise by 2-3℃ in this century, causing considerable problems, at a total cost of US$5,000

那么全球变暖这一问题怎么样呢?众所周知,二氧化碳的排放导致地球变暖。据估计本世纪气温最髙会上升2~3℃,这将带来严重的问题,造成5万亿美元的损失。

Despite the intuition that something drastic needs to be done about such a costly problem, economic analyses clearly show it will be far more expensive to cut carbon dioxide emissions radically than to pay the costs of adaptation to the increased A model by one of the main authors of the United Nations Climate Change Panel shows how an expected temperature increase of degrees in 2100 would only be diminished to an increase of Or to put it another way, the temperature increase that the planet would have experienced in 20XX would be postponed to

尽管人们直觉上认为应当采取一些激进的措施,解决这一可能需要付出髙昂代价的问题,但是经济方面的分析表明,采取激进措施削减二氧化碳的排放量,将比采取措施适应温度的上升付出更大的代价。联合国气候变化专家小组的一位主要成员所设计的一项模型表明, 如何将2100年时度的气温上升减少到只上升度。换句话说,20XX年地球会出现的升温推迟到2100年出现。

So this does not prevent global warming, but merely buys the world six Yet the cost of reducing carbon dioxide emissions, for the United States alone, will be higher than the cost of solving the world’s single, most pressing health problem: providing universal access to clean drinking water and Such measures would avoid 2 million deaths every year, and prevent half a billion people from becoming seriously

所以这并不会防止全球变暖,而只是给了世界6年的宽限期。但仅对美国而言,与解决人人都能获得清洁的饮用水和卫生设施这一世界上最紧迫的健康问题相比,减少二氧化碳排放量要付出更髙的代价。而解决了这一健康问题,毎年将可以避免200万人死亡,防止5亿人患上严重疾病。

It is crucial that we look at the facts if we want to make the best possible decisions for the It may be costly to be overly optimistic — but more costly still to be too

要做出有关未来的最佳决定就应当审视一下事实,这一点很关键。过度乐观可能要付出代价,但过度悲观则要付出更大的代价。

剑桥阅读答案 第5篇

Question 1

答案:FALSE

关键词:media

定位原文:第1段第3句“In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage…”;“Despite the extensive coverage in the popular media of the destruction of rainforests…”

解题思路:这两段当中的frequent/vivid/extensive/coverage等词都说明媒体对于热带雨林的现状十分关注,并做了广泛报道。

Question 2

答案:FALSE

关键词:children/classroom

定位原文:第2段第3句“These ideas may be developed by children absorbing ideas through the popular media。”这些观点可能是学生从大众媒体中获得的。

解题思路:这句话证明学生也从大众媒体中吸取有关热带雨林的观点,而并不是只从课堂中得到相关知识。

Question 3

答案:TRUE

关键词:pure/ mistaken

定位原文:第2段第1句“Many studies have shown that children harbour misconceptions about ‘pure’, curriculum ”

解题思路:这句话是题干的同义替换,学生关键需要掌握“harbour”在这里的意思等于“hold”。

Question 4

答案:TRUE

关键词:framework/easier

定位原文:第2段第2句“These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted,but organized, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to ”

解题思路:解这题的关键是要明白题干中的“easier to change”和文中的“accessible to modification”是同义替换。

Question 5

答案:FALSE

关键词:yes/no

定位原文:第4段第2句“Secondary school children were asked to complete a questionnaire containing five open-form ”

解题思路:Open-form指简答题,与yes/no直接矛盾。

Question 6

答案:NOT GIVEN

关键词:more likely than

定位原文:第5段第4句“More girls (70%) than boys (60%) raised the idea of rainforest as animal ”

第6段第1句“Similarly, but at a lower level, more girls (13%) than boys (5%) said that rainforests provided human ”

解题思路:
虽然这两句话分别将男生女生作了比较,但是比较内容并不是关于热带雨林破坏的错误观点,所以此题属于并不存在的比较关系。

Question 7

答案:
TRUE

关键词:follow on from

定位原文:第6段第2句“These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rainforests…”

解题思路:“previous”一词是先前的意思,证明在此研究之前,人们也就学生对热带雨林的看法做了研究,因此本文所提到的调査是在这些研究之后进行的。

Question 8

答案:NOT GIVEN

关键词:primary/second

解题思路:文中直到最末尾也从未提到这项研究是否会继续,所以此题属于无中生有。

Question 9

答案:M

关键词:where/ rainforests

定位原文:第4段第6句“The commonest responses were continents or countries: Africa (given by 43% of children), South America (30%), Brazil (25%).”

解题思路:根据对应句信息可选出答案为M。

Question 10

答案:E

关键词:importance/rainforests

定位原文:第9段第1句…the majority of children simply said that we need rainforests to

解题思路:根据对应句信息可选出答案为E。

Question 11

答案:G

关键词:reason/loss

定位原文:第7段第2句“ than half of the pupils(59%)identified that it is human activities which are destroying rainforests,”

解题思路:根据对应句信息可选出答案为G。

Question 12

答案:P

关键词:important/protected

定位原文:第5段第2句“The dominant idea, raised by 64% of the pupils, was that rainforests provide animals with ”

解题思路:根据对应句信息可选出答案为P。

Question 13

答案:J

关键词:uncommon/issue

定位原文:第9段第2句至第3句“Only a few of the pupils(6%)mentioned that rainforest destruction may contribute to global This is surprising considering the high level of media coverage on this ”

解题思路:根据对应句信息可选出答案为J。

Question 14

答案:B

关键词:title

定位原文:无

解题思路:从文章第二段开始,一直在围绕孩子对热带雨林容易产生错误的理解,因此本文重点应该放在孩子对热带雨林遭破坏状况的观点上,故要选择一个带有孩子的标题。

Question 15

答案:taste buds

关键词:taste

定位原文:第1段第5句“Similarly, although at least some cetaceans have taste buds, the nerves serving these have degenerated or are ”

解题思路:根据定位句信息,可知答案是taste buds。

Question 16

答案:baleen whales

关键词:stereoscopic vision

定位原文:第3段第3句“However,the position of the eyes so restricts the field of vision in baleen whales that they probably do not have stereoscopic ”

解题思路:根据定位句信息,可知答案是baleen whales。

Question 17

答案:forward downward (IN EITHER ORDER)

关键词:Dolphins, porpoises

定位原文:第4段第1句“On the other hand, the position of the eyes in most dolphins and porpoises suggests that they have stereoscopic vision forward and ”

解题思路:根据定位句信息,可知答案是forward和downward。

Question 18

答案:(the) freshwater dolphin(s)

关键词:forward and upward

定位原文:第4段第2句“Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding, suggests that what vision they have is stereoscopic forward and ”

解题思路:根据关键词定位,可知答案为freshwater dolphin(s)。

Question 19

答案:(the) water

关键词:bottlenose dolphin

定位原文:第4段第3句“By comparison, the bottlenose dolphin has extremely keen vision in Judging from the way it watches and tracks airborne flying fish, it can apparently see fairly well through the air-water inter?face as ”

解题思路:题干中的exceptional和文中的extremely是同义替换,所以根据定位句答案应该为water。

Question 20

答案:(the) lower frequencies

关键词:most large baleen

定位原文:第6段第3句“Large baleen whales primarily use the lower frequencies and are often limited in their ”

解题思路:根据定位句信息,可知答案是(the) lower frequencies。

Question 21

答案:bowhead humpback (IN EITHER ORDER)

关键词:song-like

定位原文:第6段第4句“Notable exceptions are the nearly song-like choruses of bowhead whales in summer and the complex, haunting utterances of the humpback ”

解题思路:根据song-like定位到该句话,可知答案为bowhead和humpback。

Question 22

答案:touch/sense of touch

关键词:mating

定位原文:第2段第3句“This contact may help to maintain order within a group, and stroking or touching are part of the courtship ritual in most ”

解题思路:这里的mating和文中的courtship ritual是同义替换,所以答案应为touch或者sense of touch。

Question 23

答案:freshwater dolphin(s)

关键词:upside down/eating

定位原文:第4段第2句“Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while ”

解题思路:根据定位句信息,可知答案是freshwater dolphin(s)。

Question 24

答案:airborne flying fish

关键词:follow/under the water

定位原文:第4段第3句“By comparison, the bottlenose dolphin has extremely keen vision in Judging from the way it watches and tracks airborne flying fish, it can apparently see fairly well through the air-water interface as ”

解题思路:题目中的“follow”和文中的“tracks”是同义替换,根据定位句信息,可知答案是airborne flying fish。

Question 25

答案:clear water(s)/clear open water(s)

关键词:habitat/good visual ability

定位原文:第5段第句“For example, vision is obviously more useful to species inhabiting clear open waters than to those living in turbid rivers and flooded ”

解题思路:根据定位句信息,可知答案是clear open water(s)。

Question 26

答案:(the) acoustic sense

关键词:best/cetaceans

定位原文:第6段第1句“Although the senses of taste and smell appear to have deteriorated, and vision in water appears to be uncertain, such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans’ well-developed acoustic ”

解题思路:根据定位句信息,可知答案是acoustic sense。

Question 27

答案:C

关键词:first paragraph

定位原文:第1段第1句“From a number of recent studies, it has become clear that blind people can appreciate the use of outlines and perspectives to describe the arrangement of objects and other surfaces in ”

解题思路:根据定位句可知,说的是盲人能够理解outlines和perspectives的使用。故正确答案为C。

Question 28

答案:C

关键词:surprised/blind woman

定位原文:第1段第3-5句“This fact was drawn to my attention dramatically when a blind woman in one of my investigations decided on her own initiative to draw a wheel as it was To show this motion, she traced a curve inside the circle (). I was taken Lines of motion, such as the one she used, are a very recent invention in the history of ”

解题思路:这段话说到让作者惊讶的是一个盲人女性决定靠自己的能力绘出正在旋转的轮椅。故正确答案为C选项。

Question 29

答案:A

关键词:Part1/ blind subjects

定位原文:第5段第4句“Evidently, however, the blind not only figured out meanings for each line of motion,but as a group they generally came up with the same meaning at least as frequently as did sighted ”

解题思路:从“not only…but…came up with the same meaning as least as frequently as did sighted subjects” 可以得出A选项正确。这里并没有说比sighted subjects会好,所以D选项是不对的。

Question 30

答案:E

关键词:无

定位原文:Part1第4段最后一句“Subjects assumed that spokes extending beyond the wheel"s perimeter signified that the wheel had its brakes ”

解题思路:这段话恰好说明辐条超出了车轮的周界是使用了刹车,所以正确答案为E。

Question 31

答案:C

关键词:无

定位原文:Part1第4段最后一句“ that dashed spokes indicated the wheel was spinning ”

解题思路:这句话的意思是虚线辐条表示车轮在快速转动,故正确答案为C。

Question 32

答案:A

关键词:无

定位原文:Part1第4段第2句“Most guessed that the curved spokes indicated that the wheel was spinning steadily…”

解题思路:这句话的意思是曲线辐条表示车轮在稳定的转动,故正确答案为A。

Question 33

答案:pairs

关键词:Part2/a set of word

定位原文:Part2第2段第1句“We gave a list of twenty pairs of word of words to sighted ”

解题思路:此空要求填一个名词,而词库中只有associations, pairs, shapes, words四个词是名词,从意思上判断,words和shapes显然不太合适,最后只能填pairs。

Question 34

答案:shapes

关键词:abstract

定位原文:Part2第3段最后一句“Thus, we concluded that the blind interpret abstract shapes as sighted people ”

解题思路:Abstract是形容词,空里要求填个名词。从对应句可以看出改名词为shapes。

Question 35

答案:sighted

关键词:circle/soft/hard/square

定位原文:Part2第3段第1句“All our subjects deemed the hard/square circle soft and the square ”

解题思路:虽然在这句话中没有出现sighted这个词,但是根据上一整段的内容推测,此处的subjects指得是sighted

Question 36

答案:sighted

关键词:51%

定位原文:Part2第3段第4句。And only 51% linked deep to circle and shallow to (See )

解题思路:这题依然没有出现sighted这个词,但是同上题,根据上文可以推测出这里的volunteers指的是sighted subjects。

Question 37

答案:deep

关键词:51%

定位原文:Part2第3段第4句。And only 51% linked deep to circle and shallow to (See )

解题思路:根据定位句可知,这里填的词应该是deep。

Question 38

答案:blind

关键词:repeated/volunteers

定位原文:Part2第3段第5句“When we tested four totally blind volunteers using the same list, we found that their choices closely resembled those made by the sighted ”

解题思路:这句话是说被测试者是blind volunteers,故正确答案为blind。

Question 39

答案:smilar

关键词:choices

定位原文:Part2第3段第7句“He made only one match differing from the consensus, assigning "far" to square and "near" to ”

解题思路:“Consensus”是共识的意思,从这句话我们可以知道盲人们对如何搭配基本可以达成一致意见。

Question 40

答案:B

关键词:conlusion

定位原文:Part2第3段最后一句“Thus, we concluded that the blind interpret abstract shapes as sighted people ”

解题思路:这句话刚好是B选项的同义替换,意思是我们能够推断出盲人诠释abstract shapes与视力正常的人是一样的。


剑桥阅读答案 第6篇

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1

Micro-Enterprise Credit for Street Youth

‘I am from a large, poor family and for many years we have done without Ever since I joined the Street Kids International program I have been able to buy my family sugar and buns for I have also bought myself decent second-hand clothes and ’

Doreen Soko

‘We’ve had business Now I’m confident to expand what we’ve been I’ve learnt cash management, and the way of keeping money so we save for Now business is a part of our As well, we didn’t know each other before — now we’ve made new ’

Fan Kaoma

Participants in the Youth Skills Enterprise Initiative Program, Zambia

Introduction

Although small-scale business training and credit programs have become more common throughout the world, relatively little attention has been paid to the need to direct such opportunities to young Even less attention has been paid to children living on the street or in difficult

Over the past nine years, Street Kids International () has been working with partner organisations in Africa, Latin America and India to support the economic lives of street The purpose of this paper is to share some of the lessons and our partners have

Background

Typically, children do not end up on the streets due to a single cause, but to a combination of factors: a dearth of adequately funded schools, the demand for income at home, family breakdown and The street may be attractive to children as a place to find adventurous play and However, it is also a place where some children are exposed, with little or no protection, to exploitative employment, urban crime, and

Children who work on the streets are generally involved in unskilled, labour-intensive tasks which require long hours, such as shining shoes, carrying goods, guarding or washing cars, and informal Some may also earn income through begging, or through theft and other illegal At the same time, there are street children who take pride in supporting themselves and their families and who often enjoy their Many children may choose entrepreneurship because it allows them a degree of independence, is less exploitative than many forms of paid employment, and is flexible enough to allow them to participate in other activities such as education and domestic

Street Business Partnerships

has worked with partner organisations in Latin America, Africa and India to develop innovative opportunities for street children to earn

? The Bicycle Courier Service first started in the Participants in this enterprise were supplied with bicycles, which they used to deliver parcels and messages, and which they were required to pay for gradually from their A similar program was taken up in Bangalore,

? Another successful project, The Shoe Shine Collective, was a partnership program with the in the Dominican In this project, participants were lent money to purchase shoe shine They were also given a safe place to store their equipment, and facilities for individual savings

? The Youth Skills Enterprise Initiative in Zambia is a joint program with the Red Cross Society and the Street youths are supported to start their own small business through business training, life skills training and access to

Lessons learned

The following lessons have emerged from the programs that and partner organisations have

? Being an entrepreneur is not for everyone, nor for every street Ideally, potential participants will have been involved in the organisation’s programs for at least six months, and trust and relationship-building will have already been

? The involvement of the participants has been essential to the development of relevant When children have had a major role in determining procedures, they are more likely to abide by and enforce

? It is critical for all loans to be linked to training programs that include the development of basic business and life

? There are tremendous advantages to involving parents or guardians in the program, where such relationships Home visits allow staff the opportunity to know where the participants live, and to understand more about each individual’s

? Small loans are provided initially for purchasing fixed assets such as bicycles, shoe shine kits and basic building materials for a market As the entrepreneurs gain experience, the enterprises can be gradually expanded and consideration can be given to increasing loan The loan amounts in programs have generally ranged from US$30-$

? All programs have charged interest on the loans, primarily to get the entrepreneurs used to the concept of paying interest on borrowed Generally the rates have been modest (lower than bank rates).

Conclusion

There is a need to recognise the importance of access to credit for impoverished young people seeking to fulfil economic The provision of small loans to support the entrepreneurial dreams and ambitions of youth can be an effective means to help them change their However, we believe that credit must be extended in association with other types of support that help participants develop critical life skills as well as productive

Questions 1-4

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or

Write your answers in boxes 1-4 on your answer

1 The quotations in the box at the beginning of the article

A exemplify the effects of

B explain why was set

C outline the problems of street

D highlight the benefits to society of

2 The main purpose of is to

A draw the attention of governments to the problem of street

B provide school and social support for street

C encourage the public to give money to street

D give business training and loans to street

3 Which of the following is mentioned by the writer as a reason why children end up living on the streets?

A unemployment

B war

C poverty

D crime

4 In order to become more independent, street children may

A reject paid

B leave their

C set up their own

D employ other

Questions 5-8

Complete the table

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 1 for each

Write your answers in boxes 5-8 on your answer

Country Organisations Involved Type of Project Support Provided

5………………

and………………

? courier service ? provision of 6………………………

Dominican Republic ?

? 7………………… ? loans

? storage facilities

? savings plans

Zambia ?

? The Red Cross

? setting up small businesses ? business training

? 8…………training

? access to credit

Questions 9-12

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 9-12 on your answer sheet write

YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the wirter

NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer

NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

9 Any street child can set up their own small business if given enough

10 In some cases, the families of street children may need financial support from

11 Only one fixed loan should be given to each

12 The children have to pay back slightly more money than they

Question 13

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or

Write your answer in box 13 on your answer

The writers conclude that money should only be lent to street children

A as part of a wider program of

B for programs that are not too

C when programs are supported by local

D if the projects planned are realistic and

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 on the following

Questions 14-27

Reading Passage 2 has four sections

Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings

Write the correct number i-vi in boxes 14-17 on your answer

List of Headings

I Causes of volcanic eruption

Ii Efforts to predict volcanic eruption

Iii Volcanoes and the features of our planet

Iv Different types of volcanic eruption

V International relief efforts

Vi The unpredictability of volcanic eruptions

14 Section A

15 Section B

16 Section C

17 Section D

Volcanoes-earth-shattering news

When Mount Pinatubo suddenly erupted on 9 June 1991, the power of volcanoes past and present again hit the headlines

A Volcanoes are the ultimate earth-moving A violent eruption can blow the top few kilometres off a mountain, scatter fine ash practically all over the globe and hurl rock fragments into the stratosphere to darken the skies a continent

But the classic eruption — cone-shaped mountain, big bang, mushroom cloud and surges of molten lava — is only a tiny part of a global Vulcanism, the name given to volcanic processes, really has shaped the Eruptions have rifted continents, raised mountain chains, constructed islands and shaped the topography of the The entire ocean floor has a basement of volcanic

Volcanoes have not only made the continents, they are also thought to have made the world’s first stable atmosphere and provided all the water for the oceans, rivers and There are now about 600 active Every year they add two or three cubic kilometres of rock to the Imagine a similar number of volcanoes smoking away for the last 3,500 million That is enough rock to explain the continental

What comes out of volcanic craters is mostly More than 90% of this gas is water vapour from the deep earth: enough to explain, over 3,500 million years, the water in the The rest of the gas is nitrogen, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, methane, ammonia and The quantity of these gases, again multiplied over 3,500 million years, is enough to explain the mass of the world’s We are alive because volcanoes provided the soil, air and water we

B Geologists consider the earth as having a molten core, surrounded by a semi-molten mantle and a brittle, outer It helps to think of a soft-boiled egg with a runny yolk, a firm but squishy white and a hard If the shell is even slightly cracked during boiling, the white material bubbles out and sets like a tiny mountain chain over the crack — like an archipelago of volcanic islands such as the Hawaiian But the earth is so much bigger and the mantle below is so much

Even though the mantle rocks are kept solid by overlying pressure, they can still slowly ‘flow’ like thick The flow, thought to be in the form of convection currents, is powerful enough to fracture the ‘eggshell’ of the crust into plates, and keep them bumping and grinding against each other, or even overlapping, at the rate of a few centimetres a These fracture zones, where the collisions occur, are where earthquakes And, very often,

C These zones are lines of weakness, or hot Every eruption is different, but put at its simplest, where there are weaknesses, rocks deep in the mantle, heated to 1,350℃, will start to expand and As they do so, the pressure drops, and they expand and become liquid and rise more

Sometimes it is slow: vast bubbles of magma — molten rock from the mantle — inch towards the surface, cooling slowly, to show through as granite extrusions (as on Skye, or the Great Whin Sill, the lava dyke squeezed out like toothpaste that carries part of Hadrian’s Wall in northern England). Sometimes — as in Northern Ireland, Wales and the Karoo in South Africa — the magma rose faster, and then flowed out horizontally on to the surface in vast thick In the Deccan plateau in western India, there are more than two million cubic kilometres of lava, some of it 2,400 metres thick, formed over 500,000 years of slurping

Sometimes the magma moves very swiftly It does not have time to cool as it surges The gases trapped inside the boiling rock expand suddenly, the lava glows with heat, it begins to froth, and it explodes with tremendous Then the slightly cooler lava following it begins to flow over the lip of the It happens on Mars, it happened on the moon, it even happens on some of the moons of Jupiter and By studying the evidence, vulcanologists can read the force of the great blasts of the Is the pumice light and full of holes? The explosion was Are the rocks heavy, with huge crystalline basalt shapes, like the Giant’s Causeway in Northern Ireland? It was a slow, gentle

The biggest eruptions are deep on the mid-ocean floor, where new lava is forcing the continents apart and widening the Atlantic by perhaps five centimetres a Look at maps of volcanoes, earthquakes and island chains like the Philippines and Japan, and you can see the rough outlines of what are called tectonic plates — the plates which make up the earth’s crust and The most dramatic of these is the Pacific ‘ring of fire’ where there have been the most violent explosions — Mount Pinatubo near Manila, Mount St Helen’s in the Rockies and El Chichón in Mexico about a decade ago, not to mention world-shaking blasts like Krakatoa in the Sunda Straits in

D But volcanoes are not very That is because geological time is not like human During quiet periods, volcanoes cap themselves with their own lava by forming a powerful cone from the molten rocks slopping over the rim of the crater; later the lava cools slowly into a huge, hard, stable plug which blocks any further eruption until the pressure below becomes In the case of Mount Pinatubo, this took 600

Then, sometimes, with only a small warning, the mountain blows its It did this at Mont Pelée in Martinique at on 8 May, Of a town of 28,000, only two people In 1815, a sudden blast removed the top 1,280 metres of Mount Tambora in The eruption was so fierce that dust thrown into the stratosphere darkened the skies, cancelling the following summer in Europe and North Thousands starved as the harvests failed, after snow in June and frosts in Volcanoes are potentially world news, especially the quiet

Questions 18-21

Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each

Write your answers in boxes 18-21 on your answer

18 What are the sections of the earth’s crust, often associated with volcanic activity, called?

19 What is the name given to molten rock from the mantle?

20 What is the earthquake zone on the Pacific Ocean called?

21 For how many years did Mount Pinatubo remain inactive?

Questions 22-26

Complete the summary

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each

Write your answers in boxes 22-26 on your answer

Volcanic eruptions have shaped the earth’s land They may also have produced the world’s atmosphere and 22…… . Eruptions occur when molten rocks from the earth’s mantle rise and When they become liquid, they move quickly through cracks in the There are different types of Sometimes the 23……. moves slowly and forms outcrops of granite on the earth’s When it moves more quickly it may flow out in thick horizontal Examples of this type of eruption can be found in Northern Ireland, Wales, South Africa and 24…… . A third type of eruption occurs when the lava emerges very quickly and 25…… This happens because the magma moves so suddenly that 26…… are

READING PASSAGE 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below

Obtaining Linguistic Data

A Many procedures are available for obtaining data about a They range from a carefully planned, intensive field investigation in a foreign country to a casual introspection about one’s mother tongue carried out in an armchair at

B In all cases, someone has to act as a source of language data — an Informants are (ideally) native speakers of a language, who provide utterances for analysis and other kinds of information about the language ( translations, comments about correctness, or judgements on usage). Often, when studying their mother tongue, linguists act as their own informants, judging the ambiguity, acceptability, or other properties of utterances against their own The convenience of this approach makes it widely used, and it is considered the norm in the generative approach to But a linguist’s personal judgements are often uncertain, or disagree with the judgements of other linguists, at which point recourse is needed to more objective methods of enquiry, using non-linguists as The latter procedure is unavoidable when working on foreign languages, or child

C Many factors must be considered when selecting informants — whether one is working with single speakers (a common situation when languages have not been described before), two people interacting, small groups or large-scale Age, sex, social background and other aspects of identity are important, as these factors are known to influence the kind of language The topic of conversation and the characteristics of the social setting ( the level of formality) are also highly relevant, as are the personal qualities of the informants ( their fluency and consistency). For larger studies, scrupulous attention has been paid to the sampling theory employed, and in all cases, decisions have to be made about the best investigative techniques to

D Today, researchers often tape-record This enables the linguist’s claims about the language to be checked, and provides a way of making those claims more accurate (‘difficult’ pieces of speech can be listened to repeatedly). But obtaining naturalistic, good-quality data is never People talk abnormally when they know they are being recorded, and sound quality can be A variety of tape-recording procedures have thus been devised to minimise the ‘observer’s paradox’ (how to observe the way people behave when they are not being observed). Some recordings are made without the speakers being aware of the fact — a procedure that obtains very natural data, though ethical objections must be Alternatively, attempts can be made to make the speaker forget about the recording, such as keeping the tape recorder out of sight, or using radio A useful technique is to introduce a topic that quickly involves the speaker, and stimulates a natural language style ( asking older informants about how times have changed in their locality).

E An audio tape recording does not solve all the linguist’s problems, Speech is often unclear and Where possible, therefore, the recording has to be supplemented by the observer’s written comments on the non-verbal behaviour of the participants, and about the context in A facial expression, for example, can dramatically alter the meaning of what is Video recordings avoid these problems to a large extent, but even they have limitations (the camera cannot be everywhere), and transcriptions always benefit from any additional commentary provided by an

F Linguists also make great use of structured sessions, in which they systematically ask their informants for utterances that describe certain actions, objects or With a bilingual informant, or through use of an interpreter, it is possible to use translation techniques (‘How do you say table in your language?’). A large number of points can be covered in a short time, using interview worksheets and Often, the researcher wishes to obtain information about just a single variable, in which case a restricted set of questions may be used: a particular feature of pronunciation, for example, can be elicited by asking the informant to say a restricted set of There are also several direct methods of elicitation, such as asking informants to fill in the blanks in a substitution frame ( I___ see a car), or feeding them the wrong stimulus for correction (‘Is it possible to say I no can see?’).

G A representative sample of language, compiled for the purpose of linguistic analysis, is known as a A corpus enables the linguist to make unbiased statements about frequency of usage, and it provides accessible data for the use of different Its range and size are Some corpora attempt to cover the language as a whole, taking extracts from many kinds of text; others are extremely selective, providing a collection of material that deals only with a particular linguistic The size of the corpus depends on practical factors, such as the time available to collect, process and store the data: it can take up to several hours to provide an accurate transcription of a few minutes of Sometimes a small sample of data will be enough to decide a linguistic hypothesis; by contrast, corpora in major research projects can total millions of An important principle is that all corpora, whatever their size, are inevitably limited in their coverage, and always need to be supplemented by data derived from the intuitions of native speakers of the language, through either introspection or

Questions 27-31

Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphs labeled

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 27-31 on your answer

NB You may use any letter more than

27 the effect of recording on the way people talk

28 the importance of taking notes on body language

29 the fact that language is influenced by social situation

30 how informants can be helped to be less self-conscious

31 various methods that can be used to generate specific data

Questions 32-36

Complete the table

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each

Write your answers in boxes 32-36 on your answer

METHODS OF OBTAINING LINGUISTIC DATA ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

32……as informant convenient method of enquiry not objective enough

Non-linguist as informant necessary with 33…… and child speech the number of factors to be considered

Recording an informant allows linguists’ claims to be checked 34……of sound

Videoing an informant allows speakers’ 35…… to be observed 36……might miss certain things

Questions 37-40

Complete the summary of paragraph G

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each

Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer

A linguist can use a corpus to comment objectively on 37…… . Some corpora include a wide range of language while others are used to focus on a 38…… . The length of time the process takes will affect the 39…… of the No corpus can ever cover the whole language and so linguists often find themselves relying on the additional information that can be gained from the 40…… of those who speak the language

剑桥阅读答案 第7篇

Passage1

Question 1

参考译文:古老阶梯水井的例子在全世界范围内都能发现。

难度及答案:难度低;答案为FALSE

关键词:
all over the world

定位原文: 第2段第1句“Unique to this ”阶梯水并是这个地区独有的。

解题思路: 原文说阶梯水井是这个地区独有的,题目说全世界都有,所以答案为FALSE。

Question 2

参考译文:除了收集水资源以外,阶梯水井达有很多功能。

难度及答案:难度低;答案为TRUE

关键词:
functions

定位原文:
第2段第2句“During their ”在它们的全盛期,它们是聚集的场所, 是娱乐放松的场所,是除了底层阶级以外村民拜神的场所。

解题思路:
原文中介绍了很多功能,比如娱乐,所以答案为TRUE。

Question 3

参考译文: 德里(Delhi)现存的阶梯水井比其他地区发现的水井更具有吸引力。

难度及答案:难度低;答案为NOT GIVEN

关键词:
Delhi

定位原文:
第2段第3句“Most stepwells…”大多数的阶梯水井被发现散落在吉拉特邦(他们称之为vov)和拉贾斯坦邦(他们称之为baori)的沙漠地带,还有少量的在德里发现。

解题思路:原文并没有对它们的吸引力做出比较,所以答案为not given。

Question 4

参考译文:工人们需要花费很多年才能够建设阶梯特色的水井。

难度及答案:难度低;答案为NOT GIVEN

关键词:
workers

对应原文:
原文中没有备到关键词。

解题思路:
原文完全未提及,所以答案为NOT GIVEN。

Question 5

参考译文:一年当中,阶梯水井中露出水面的阶梯数目是会触变化的。

难度及答案:难度低;答案为TRUE

关键词:
alter、course of a year

定位原文:
第3段第1句“As their name…”就像他们的名字所说的,阶梯水井由一系列 的石头台阶组成,这些石阶从地面下降到水源(通常是一个地下蓄水层),因为它随着雨水后退。

解题思路:
原文中说,下雨的话,石阶会发生变化。由文中得知,这个变化也就是在石阶露出水面多少。后面一句话也可以看出有变化。When the water 水面高的时候,取水的人只需要往下走几个台阶就好。

Question 6

参考译文: 一些阶梯水井的哪个部分可以为人们提供阴凉?

难度及答案: 难度低;答案为 pavilions

关键词: shade

定位原文: 第4段第3句“Built from…pavilions that sheltered visitors… ”由石头建造,梁柱支撑,其中还包括亭子,使得拜访者免受无情高温的炙烤。

解题思路:
原文中shelter可以为人们提供shade,所以答案为pavilions。

Question 7

参考译文: 文章中提到了在Rajasthan南部发生了哪一种恶劣的气候现象?

难度及答案:难度低;答案为drought

关键词:
Rajasthan

定位原文:
第5段最后一句“Their ”它们的状况并没有因近期的干旱期得以改善:拉贾斯坦邦的南部在1996年和20XX年遭受了长达八年的干旱。

解题思路:
原文中的suffered (经历)替换了题目中的took place。

Question 8

参考译文: 现如今经常拜访阶梯水井的人群是谁?

难度及答案: 难度中等;答案为tourists

关键词: visitors、nowadays

定位原文: 最后1段第2句“Tourists flock ”旅行者们蜂拥而至印度西北遥远的角落里的水井,在惊奇中去凝视这些百年前的建筑传奇,这些传奇起着古老文明独创性和艺术性的暗示作用,也提醒着水对于人类生存的价值。

解题思路: 原文中这一段第一个词就是today, 所以是近期;原文中flock to “蜂拥而去” 对应着 frequent visitors。

Question 9

参考译文: Rani Ki Vav状态很好,尽管20XX年有

难度及答案: 难度低;答案为earthquake

关键词: 20XX

定位原文: 第7段最后一句“”难以置信的是,在20XX年1月,这座古老的建筑在里氏震级级的地震中得以保全。

解题思路:
所以原文说尽管20XX年有地震,它的状况仍很好。

Question 10

参考译文:Surya Kund ___的台阶产生了一种几何模式。

难度及答案: 难度中等;答案为4/four sides

关键词:
1026 ; geometrical pattern

定位原文:
第8段第2句“lt ”实际上它更像一个池塘(kund的意思是蓄水池 池塘)而不是一个水井,但是却展现了阶梯水井建筑的特点,包括它的四面部有通向底部的极好的几何学构造的台阶。

解题思路: 根据geometrical pattern可以定位在这—句,根据steps on 可以定位到 including four sides of steps,所以答案为 4/four sides。

Question 11

参考译文: Surya Kund与井比起来,看起来更加像____

难度及答案: 难度低;答案为tank

关键词: 1026, looks like

定位原文: 同第10题.

解题思路: 原文中resembles与题目中的looks like属于同义替换。

Question 12

参考译文: Chand Baori有___,它能够提供观看阶梯的视野。

难度及答案:难度中等;答案为verandas/verandahs

关键词:
850 AD 、 11 storeys、 provide a view of the steps

定位原文:
第10段最后一句“On the fourth ”在第四面,由华丽的柱子支撑的游廊 可以俯瞰这些台阶。

解题思路:
原文中 overlook the steps 与题目中的 provide a view of the steps 属于同义替换。

Question 13

参考译文:Neemrana Ki Baori 有两个____层。

难度及答案:
难度低;答案为underwater

关键词:
1700、two

定位原文:
第11段第2句“Constructed in around 1700…”在大约1700年建造它有九层深,最后两层在水下。

解题思路:
找到了two,后面的underwater就是答案了。

Passage 2

Question 14

难度及答案: 难度低;答案为 viii

关键词: rapid growth、private transport

定位原文: A段最后一句“The number of ”在1990到20XX年,欧盟道路上的汽车数量每一年会经历三百万的增长,并且在接下来的十年中,欧盟车队会经历更进一步的大幅增长。

解题思路: 原文说,汽车有一个飞速的增长,和私人交通迅速发展相符。原文中cars与viii 中的 private transport 属于同义替換,原文中 increase 以及 substantial increase 与viii中的rapid growth属同义替换。

Question 15

难度及答案: 难度低;答案为iii

关键词: changes、 goods

定位原文: B段第1句“As far ”至于货物运输,它的增长在很大程度上是出于欧洲经济和它的生产体系的改变。

解题思路: 原文说,由于欧洲经济的改变,使得货物运输有所影响,与答案相符。原文中的goods transport与iii中的goods may be transported属于同义替换,原文中 changes在iii中重现,原文中due to与iii中的affecting属于同义替换。

Question 16

难度及答案:难度低;答案为xi

关键词:
EU admission

定位原文:
C段第1句“The strong ”在那些欧盟的候选国家,预期的经济大幅增长也将会增加交通流动性,尤其是公路交通运输。

解题思路: 原文说,欧盟候选国家的经济预期增长将令交通增长,和答案里的交通趋势相符。原文中 candidates for entry to the EU 与 xi 中的 awaiting EU admission 属于同义替换,原文中 expected 表示了题目中的 trend 趋势。

Question 17

难度及答案:难度中等;答案为i

关键词:
fresh、important、long-term、goal

定位原文:
D段第1句“however, a ”然而一个新型必要事务----可持续发展----为适应欧盟共同的交通政策提供了一个机会。

解题思路:
原文中的new、imperative、sustainable与i中的fresh、important、long-term属于同义替换。第2句或者最后一句的objective替换

Question 18

难度及答案: 难度中等;答案为v

关键词:
environmental costs

定位原文:
E段第1句“In 1998, energy consumption…”在1998年,交通领域的能源消耗占了二氧化碳排放量的28%,二氧化碳是一种主要温室气体。

解题思路: 原文说运输会产生温室气体,所以会造成环境破坏。原文中的energy consumption,emissions of C02 以及 greenhouse gas 能够体现出题目里边的 environmental costs。

Question 19

难度及答案: 难度低;答案为X

关键词:
restricting 、charging policies、alone

定位原文:
G段第1句“The first approach…”第一种方法会包括对公路运输的关注,仅仅用定价来实现。

解题思路:
原文说,仅仅用价格来针对公路运输,与答案仅仅通过收费限制公路使用相符。原文中 road transport、solely、pricing 与 x 中的 road use、alone、charging policies属于同义替换。

Question 20

难度及答案:
难度低;答案为ii

关键词:
charging for roads、improving other transport methods

定位原文:
H段第1句“The second approach…”第二种方法聚焦在公路运输的价格上,但是伴随着提高其他方式效率的措施(更好的服务质量、物流、科技)。

解题思路:
原文中,accompanied by表示的就是还有另外一种,所以这一点对应答案中的 “且”,除了公路收费以外,还有其他途径。原文中road transport pricing替换为 ii 中的 charging for roads, increase the efficiency of the other modes 替换为 ii 中的 improving other transport methods。

Question 21

难度及答案:
难度高;答案为iv

关键词:
all the steps、change transport patterns

定位原文:
I段第1句“The third ”第三种方法,它不是新的, 包含了一系列措施, 从价格到重兴可替代的交通模式,并且以投资欧盟交通网络系统作为目标。

解题思路:
原文说了很多方法,与答案中所有必要措施相符。原文中a series of measures替换为 iv 中的 all the steps,modes of transport 替换为 iv 中的 transport patterns。

Question 22

参考译文:尽管科技进步了,对于交通的需求仍在增长。

难度及答案:难度低;答案为TRUE。

关键词:need、technological development

定位原文:
A段第2句“Although modem information…”尽管现在信息技术能够通过促进远程办公和远程服务降低物理运输的需求,可是对交通的需求继续在上升。

解题思路: 原文与题目都表示了对交通的需求趋势是上升的:所以答案为TRUE。原文中 although、 modem information technologies 、requirement for transports、 increase 分别与题目中的 despite、technological development、need for transport、 growing 是同义替换。

Question 23

参考译文:为了减少生产成本,一些工厂已经搬到距离他们相应消费者较近的地方。

难度及答案:难度中等;答案为FALSE。

关键词:production costs 、industries 、 consumers

定位原文:
B段最后一句“This phenomenon has been…”这种现象已经被些工业的迁移突出了,尤其是那些劳动力密集型的工业,为降低生产成本,即便生产地距离装配厂或者用户是几百或者上千米远。

解题思路:to reduce production costs在原文中重现,原文中relocation能够体现出搬家,原文中users替换consumers,但是原文中even though后面表规的意思是生产车间距离很远,而不是题目中的closer,所以明显矛盾,答案为FALSE。

Question 24

参考译文: 在许多欧盟候选国中,汽车过分的昂贵。

难度及答案: 难度低; 答案为NOT GIVEN

关键词: cars、EU candidate countries

定位原文: C段第1句 “The strong ”,在那些欧盟的候选国家,预期的经济大幅增长也将会增加交通的流动性,尤其是公路交通运输。

解题思路:
原文没有提到expensive,所以很明显是未提及。

Question 25

参考译文:
这个哥德堡欧洲理事会是30年前建立的。

难度及答案:难度中等; 答案为NOT GIVEN。

关键词:Gothenburg 、European Council

定位原文:D段第2句“This objective…”这个哥德堡欧洲理亊会已经通过的目标必须通过把环境因素整合到社区政策来实现,并且改变交通状况的平衡是其战略的核心。

解题思路:找到定位并不难,原文并没有提这个理事会成立了多少年,所以是未提及。

Question 26

参考译文:这个年代末,交通造成的C02排放量将会达到7390亿吨。

难度及答案:难度低;答案为FALSE

关键词:739 billion tones

定位原文:E段第2句“According to the ”根据最新的估计,如果不采取措施去逆转交通增长的趋势,与记载的1990年的7390亿吨相比;到20XX年,二氧化碳的排放量将会增长50%,到1,1130亿吨。

解题思路:原文中CO2 emissions有原词重现,原文中by 20XX替换了 by the end of this decade,原文中 be expected to 替换了 are predicted to,题目里面的 739 billion tones与原文中说会达到1,113 billion tones不一致,所以答案为FALSE。

Passage 3

Question 27

参考译文:“百万美元四重唱”的例子着重强调了作者关于____的观点。

难度及答案:
难度低;答案为C

关键词:
million-dollar quartet

定位原文:
第3段第2句到后面的“Sun’s ‘million-dollar quartet’”太阳的“百万美元四重唱组合”本来可以成为五重唱组合的。照片里没有的是Roy Orbison,一个比Lewis, Perkins或者Cash更加有天赋的歌手。Sam Phillips, 太阳工作室的拥有者,想要用融合了黑白音乐,乡村和蓝调音乐的结合体来革新流行乐。

Presley,Cash,Perkins和Lewis直觉上就理解了 Phillips的野心而且充满信心。

Orbison对于这一目标并不感冒,而且与太阳公司仅实现了一次合作。

解题思路: 原文中的goal与C项里的objective是同义替换。从文中可以看出来,退出的 Orbison与组合里的其他成员,以及老板的创新观念并不相符。所以,有一个共同的目标非常重要。

Question 28

参考译文:
James Watson 说他和Francis Crick能够率先发现DNA密码是因为他们

难度及答案:难度低;答案为A

关键词:
DNA

定位原文:
第6段倒数第2句“He said he and Crick…”他说他和Cricket之所以能够成功, 是因为他们知道在众多追寻答案的科学家之中,他们并不是最聪明的。

解题思路:
根据DNA找到本段第4句话,往后看倒数第2句话提到了成功的原因,因为他们明白,他们不是最聪明的,这句话解释了答案里边的他们明白自己的局限。

原文中 aware 替换为 A 选项中的 conscious, weren’t the most intelligent 解释了他们有limitations。

Question 29

参考译文: 作者提到早餐谷物粥包装的竞争是想要证明如何

难度及答案:难度中等;答案为

关键词:
breakfast cereal packets

定位原文:
第8段倒数第2句及最后一句“It is,he ”他说,这就是为什么所有的早餐谷物粥仅装竞争者都会鼓励大家写下不超过10字的话:“我喜欢Kellogg玉米片,因为…”这一书写行为会让我们更加愿意去相信这件事。

解题思路:
定位不难,最后一句话the very act of writing就是指前面的书写这句话的行为,这一行为会使得我们更加愿意去相信它。原文中more likely to替换为选项D 中的 strengthen,难度在于 believe 与 commitment 的替换。Commitment 的意思除了承诺意外,还有信奉的意思。

Question 30

参考译文: 文中最后一段,作者说对于员工来说____很重要。

难度及答案:难度低;答案为B

关键词:last paragraph、employees

定位原文:最后1段第2句话“Cialdini ” Cialdini说“领导们应该鼓励每个人去贡献(自己的想法)并且确保相关人员都意识到每一个建议对于制定正确的决策和(每个人的想法)被充分地考虑都是很重要的”。

解题思路: 题目已经告诉了最后一段,所以定位不难。原文中主语用到的是leaders,说领导应该鼓励每个人, everyone替换了 employees, 所以员工应该怎么做, 我们应该encourage (鼓励)他们做什么。原文中说鼓励大家contribute (做贡献), 替换了答案中的contributions,原文中的同时要保证每一个人的意见都很important (重要), 还有 will be given full attention(给予充分关注),这两点都体现出了答案中的valued (被重视)。

Question 31

参考译文:
与老板的价值观相符的员工,更有可能___。

难度及答案:难度低;答案为G

关键词:values

定位原文:第2段第2句“Research ”研究表明,员工的价值和公司的价值之契合度在于员工做了什么贡献以及两年以后他们是不是仍然在这家公司。

解题思路: 根据values找到第2段第2句,原文说,员工与老板的价值观是否一致,会对两方面有影响,一方面是员工会有什么贡献,另一方面是两年以后他们是否还在这家公司。所以第二点与答案继续保持工作相符。原文中fit替换了 match,they"re still at the company替换了remain in their jobs。

Question 32

参考译文:变化的时候,人们倾向于___。

难度及答案:难度低;答案为E

关键词:change

定位原文:第4段1句“The value fit matters…”价值观是否合拍很重要,Cialdini说,因为创新在一定程度上也是改变的过程,在这种压力下,我们作为一种物种,会有不同的表现,“事情有所改变的时候,我们很自然地就会选择安全的行动 ”。

解题思路: 根据at times of change找到原文中when things change。原文提到,我们会 play it safe,与答案中的avoid risk是同义替换。

Question 33

参考译文:如果人们清楚自己可能会失去什么,他们将会___。

难度及答案:难度低;答案为A

关键词:lose

定位原文:第4段最后一句“Studies show that…”研究表明,当面对损失而不是奖赏的时候,我们不可避免地会更加冒险。

解题思路: 主要是替换,原文中 when threatened with a loss 替换了 are aware of what they might lose,原文中 take more gambles 替换了take chances。

Question 34

参考译文:在支配欲很强的老板手下工作的话,人们更可能___。

难度及答案:难度中等;答案为F

关键词:a dominant boss

定位原文:第9段第2句及最后一句“The wrong kind of leadership…”这一错误的领导方式会导致Cialdini称之为“机长症候群,一种令人遗憾的趋势,团队成员会把本该属于自己的责任推卸给领导的一种趋势”……据他所言,这一行为并不单单在飞机上会出现,而是当领导太独断的时候,这会发生在任何工作场合下。

解题思路: 这道题的难度在于词组不熟悉,opt out的意思是“退出”、“免除”、“避免”,替换了 ignore,responsibilities 替换了 duties。还有就是最后一句的 the leader is overbearing 替换了 a dominant boss。

Question 35

参考译文:在一个很少有规矩的组织里工作的员工,更可会___。

难度及答案:难度低;答案为B

关键词:few rules

定位原文:第10段,另一个极端是20世纪80年代,Memphis的设计团体,一个年轻人组成的团队,对于他们来说“唯一的规则就是没有规则”。这一环境为互相交换换想法提供了有利的条件,进而引起了形式,功能,颜色以及材料的—系列创新,这一创新革新了家居设计的概念。

解题思路:
第一句是定位点,原文中the only rule 和no rule 替换了few rules, 第2句是解题点,a free interchange of ideas 替换了share their ideas。

Question 36

参考译文:一个人工作的物理环境对于他们的创造力有决定性作用。

难度及答案:难度低;答案为 NO

关键词:physical surroundings、creativity

定位原文:第1段第2句“There are…”然而,那些在一个奢侈的,设计成艺术中心以促进创新的地方工作的人,发现这个环境并不能让他们觉得自己有创造力。

解题思路: 原文中说那些工作条件非常好的人,发现这个环境一点也不能让自己有创造性,所以与題目很明显矛盾。原文中的centres,environment替换了 physical surroundings, 原文中creative 替换了creativity。

Question 37

参考译文: 大多数人有创新的潜力

难度及答案:难度低;答案为 YES

关键词:most people、potential

定位原文:第2段最后一句“Studies at…”在哈佛商业学院进行的研究表明,尽管一些人会比另外一些人更加有创造力,但是如果人们处于正确的环境,每一个人都会有创造力。

解题思路: 原文中 almost every individuals 替换了 most people, can be替换了 potential。

Question 38

参考译文: 当智力相当的人组成一个团队的时候,团队工作情况最好。

难度及答案:难度低;答案为 NOT GIVEN

关键词:equally matched intelligence

定位原文:无

解题思路: 这道题是完全未提及。

Question 39

参考译文: 小的公司创新更容易。

难度及答案:难度低;答案为 NOT GIVEN

关键词:smaller companies

定位原文:无

解题思路: 这道题是完全未提及。

Question 40

参考译文: 管理者的批准比同事的更具有说服力。

难度及答案:难度中等;答案为no

关键词:manager"s approvals 、colleague

定位原文:第7段最后一句 “Research ” 研究表明,同事的力量,同等级运用,而不是上下级运用的话,远比老板的任何言论更加有说服力。

解题思路:这道题涉及比较多的替换,原文中peer power替换了 colleague, powerful替换了 persuasive,boss’s speech 替换了 manager’s approval。


剑桥阅读答案 第8篇

Passage 1 参考译文:

梯水井

一千年前,对存活于印度最干旱的地区的生命来说,阶梯水丼是非常重要的。理査德·考克斯到印度的西北部记录过往时代的惊人历史遗迹。

6世纪和7世纪期间,生活在印度西北部现称之为吉拉特邦和拉贾斯坦邦的居民发明了一种在干旱时节获得干净、新鲜的地下水的方法,供饮用、洗澡、饲养动物和灌溉。然而,这项发明一梯水井的重要性——超出了它的实用性应用。

阶梯水井是这个地区独有的,它们一般建造复杂,在尺寸和形状上差别很大。在它们的全盛期,它们是聚集的场所,是娱乐放松的场所,是除了底层阶级以外村民拜神的场所。大多数的阶梯水井被发现散落在吉拉特邦(他们称之为vav)和拉贾斯坦邦(他们称之为baori)的沙漠地带,还有少量的在德里被发现。一些坐落在村庄里或者村庄附近,作为居民的公共空间;一些是在公路旁,作为旅行者的休息场所。

就像他们的名字所说的,阶梯水井由一系列的石头台阶组成,这些石阶从地面下降到水源(通常是一个地下蓄水展),因为它随着雨水后退。当水位高的时候,使用者只需要下降几个台阶就能够触及它,当水位低的时候,就需要越过数个台阶。

一些井是巨大的露天大坑,有着上千的台阶铺设在每个斜坡上,通常是按层排列。其他的更精致一番,有着长的阶梯式的走席,通过好几层到达水源。由石头建造,梁柱支撑,其中还包括亭子,使得拜访者免受无情高温的炙烤。但是也许最让人印象深刻的特点是那错综复杂的雕塑装饰着众多的水井,这些雕塑展示了一系列活动,比如打架、跳舞和一些日常的活动,比如妇女梳头和搅拌黄油。

往后的世纪,数以千计的水井被建造,遍布于印度西北,但是现在大多数都不再使用了;许多被遗弃了,变得干枯。因为地下水已经被转为工业使用,水井水位再也不能到达地下水位它们的状况并没有因近期的干旱期得以改善:拉贾斯坦邦的南部在1996到20XX年间遭受了长达八年的干旱。

然而,一些在吉拉特邦的重要的遗址最近经历了主要的修复,州政府在去年6月宣布计划修复整个州的阶梯水井。

在帕坦,这个州古老的首都,Rani井(皇后的阶梯水井)也许是当前最出色的例子。它是在11世纪的晚期由乌达雅玛蒂王后建造。

13世纪期间,一场洪水之后,它被沙泥覆盖了。

然而在20 世纪60年代,印度考古研究所才开始修复它,如今恢复了它原始的状态。

65米长,20米宽,27米深,整个皇后的阶梯木井周身壁龛里雕刻着500个雕塑。令人难以置信的是,在20XX年1月,这座古老的建筑在里氏震级级的地震中得以保全。

另一个例子是在吉拉特邦北部,太阳神庙附近,在Modhera的Siuya由国王彼斯玛一世夺1026年建造用来纪念太阳神苏里亚。实际上它更像一个池塘(kund的意思是蓄水池或者池塘)而不是一个水井,但是却展现了阶梯水井建筑的特点,包括它的四面都有通向底部的极好的几何学构造的台阶。这些平台覆盖了108个小的、雕刻精美的在阶梯间的神龛。

拉贾斯坦也有很多的水井。它坐落在斋普尔以南200公里,是本迪的一个古老的城市,因其建筑风格而闻名,其中也包含阶梯水井。其中最好的例子是由这个地区的女王Nathavatji在1699年所建。

46 米深,20米宽,40米长,这个复杂雕刻的历史遗迹是本地区21个Nathavatji委任制造的水井之一。

在Abhaneri古老荒废的城镇中,斋普尔以东大约95公里处,是Chand Baori水井印度最古老、最深的水井之一;美学角度来讲它可能是最引人注目的了。在大约公元850建造,女神庙附近,月亮水井包含许多许多之字形台阶,这些台阶向它的三面延伸,陡峭的下行11层,从远处看,是惊人的模式。在第四面,由华丽的柱子支撑的游廊可以俯瞰这些台阶。

现在公众仍然使用的是Neemrana Ki Baori,它就坐落在斋普尔的不远处德里的高速公路上。在大约1700年建造,它有九层深,最后两层在水下。在地面上,有86个有柱廊的通路,从那里游览者走下170个台阶到达最深处的水源。

今天,在被忽视数年之后,这些中世纪的许多工程的古迹被印度考古研究所挽救,他们意识到了保护它们作为丰富历史的一部分的重要性。旅行者们蜂拥而至印度西北遥远的角落里的水井,在惊奇中去凝视这些百年前的建筑传奇,这些传奇起着古老文明独创性和艺术性的暗示作用,也提醒着水对于人类生存的价值。

Test 1 Passage 2 参考译文:

1990年到20XX年欧洲的交通体系

欧洲交通体系过去的趋势是什么?前景又如何?

很难想象,在没有有效率的交通体系下,经济能迅速发展。尽管现在信息技术能够通过促进 远程办公和远程服务降低物理运输的需求,可是对交通的需求继续在上升。在这种趋势的背后有两个关键因素。对于客运来说,决定性因素是汽车使用的惊人增长。在1990到20XX年间,欧盟道路上的汽车数量每一年都会经历三百万的增长,并且在接下来的十年中,欧盟车队会经历更进步的大幅增长。

至于货物运输,它的增长在很大程度上是由于欧洲经济和它的生产体系的改变。在过去的20 年里,因为内部边界已经废除,欧盟已经从“存货”经济变成了“流动”经济。这种现象已经被一些工业的迁移突出了,尤其是一些劳动力密集型的工业,为了降低生产成本,即便生产地距离装配厂或者用户几百甚至上千米远。

在那些欧盟的候选国家,预期的经济大幅增长也将会增加交通流动性,尤其是公路交通运输。在1998年,部分国家出口量已经超过1990年的两倍多,而进口量是1990年的五倍多。尽管很多候选国沿袭了鼓励铁路的交通体系,可是自从20世纪90年代,运输模式的分布状况还是大大地向公路运输倾斜了。在1990年到1991的8年间,公路运输增长了 %,然而在同时期,故铁路运输降低了%,尽管——这可能使扩大的欧盟受益——与欧盟现有成员国相比,这一比例平均水平比较下仍然较高。

然而,一个新型必要事务——可持续发展——为适应欧盟共同的交通政策提供了一个机会。这个哥德堡欧洲理亊会已经通过的目标必须通过把环境因素整合到社区政策来实现,并且改变交通状况的平衡是其战略的核心。这个远大的目标只能到20XX年才能完全实现,但是提出的措施是通向一个可持续交通体系的必要的第一步,理想状态下,这个交通体系将在30年内完成, 也就是20XX年。

在1998年,交通领域的能源消耗占了二氧化碳排放量的28%,二氧化碳是一种主要的温室气体。

根据最新的估计,如果不采取措施去逆转交通增长的趋势,与记载的1990年的7390亿吨相比,到20XX年,二氧化碳的排放量将会增长50%,达到1,1130亿。重申一下,公路运输是主要的元凶,因为它自己就占了因交通而产生的二氧化碳的84%。因此,使用替代燃料和提高能源利用率既 是生态必要,也是一个技术挑战。

与此同时,必须付出更多的努力来实现模式的转变。如此大的改变不可能在一夜之间实现,在经历了公路优化所带来的半个世纪的持续恶化之后,全改变更不可能。这已经倾斜到了某种程度,以至于现在的铁路货物运输服务正面临着边缘化,只有8%的市场份额,并且国际铁路货物运输的速度挣扎在平均18km/h。三个可能的选择已经浮现了。

第一种方法会包括对公路运输的关注,仅仅用定价来实现。这个选择不会附加其他交通模式的配套措施。短期来看,由于运输价格增加,它会通过更好的车辆货物承载率和预期的客运车辆的使用率来抑制公路运输的增长。然而,其他运输方式缺乏恢复动力这个事实将会使更具有可持续性的交通模式变得不可能。

第二种方法聚焦在公路运输的价格上,但是伴随着提高其他方式故率的措施(更好的服务质量、物流、科技)。然而,这种方法既不包括在新的基础设施上投资,也不能保证更好的地域衔接。与第一种方法相比,它能够达到一种更好的拆分,但是公路运输能够保持它最大的市场份额,并且能继续成为饱和动脉,尽管它是最污染的模式。因此,它是不能够保证平衡的必要转变。

第三种方法不是新的,包含了一系列措施,从价格到重兴可替代的交通模式,并且以投资欧盟交通网络系统作为目标。这个整合的措施将使其他的市场份额回到他们1998年的水平,能够达到一个平衡的转变。这远比它看起来更有野心,请牢记过去50年公路运输不平衡的历史,但它将在公路交通运输和经济增长之间获得一个显著的突破,而不用限制人和货物的流动。

Test 1 Passage 3参考译文:

创新心理学

为何很少公司能够真正地创新?

创新是商业存活的关键,公司投入大量的资源以激励员工产生创新想法。然而,那些在一个奢侈的、设计成艺术中心似的、以促进创新的地方工作的人,发现这个环境并不能让他们觉得自己有创造力。而那些没有很多预算,也没有很宽敞的地方的人却能够创新成功。

Robert B Cialdini,亚利桑那州大学的一名心理学教授,他认为,一些公司不那么成功的原因之一是录取员工的问题,因为创新的第一步在于员工的录用。研究表明,员工的价值和公司的价值之契合度在于员工做了什么贡献以及两年以后他们是不是仍然在这家公司。

在哈佛商北学院进行的研究表明,尽管一些人会比另外一些人更加有创造力,但是如果人们处于正确的环境,每一个人都会有创造力。

最为知名的一个关于摇滚故事的照片证明了Cialdini的观点。1956年关于歌手Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Johnny Cash和Jerry Lee Lewis在Memphis的太阳工作室乱惮钢琴的一张照片讲述了一个不为人知的故事。太阳的“百万美元四重唱组合”本来可以成为五重唱组合的。照片里没有的是Roy Orbison,一个比Lewis、Perkins 或者Cash更加有天赋的歌手。

Sam Phillips,太阳工作室的拥有者,想要用融合了黑白音乐、乡村和蓝调音乐的结合体来革新流行乐。Presley,Cash, Perkins和Lewis直觉上就理解了Phillips的野心而且充满信心。Orbison 对于这一目标并不感冒,而且与太阳公司仅仅实现了一次合作。

价值观是否合拍很重要,Cialdini说,因为创新在一定程度上也是改变的过程,在这种压力下,我们,作为一种物种,会有不同的表现,“事情有所改变的时候,我们很自然地就会选择安全的行动方式”。因此管理者应该采取一种看起来反直观的方式——他们应该解释一下如果公司不抓住这个独特的机会的话,那么公司将会失去什么。研究表明,当面对损失而不是奖赏的时候,我们不可避免地会更加冒险。

管理创新是一项精妙的艺术。由于市场、产品研发以及财务部门从不同的人群得出不同的反馈, 所以公司很容易卷入到矛盾漩涡里面,不知道何去何从。如果没有一个能够保证公司内部协调转变的系统的话,很容易造成少量创新的流失。创新是一种接触性运动。不能仅仅跟人说“我们走这个方向,你跟着我”就够了。

Cialdini相信“跟随领导综合症”非常具有危险性,尤其因为这样会鼓励领导一意孤行。“科学证明,解决问题时,三个臭皮匠顶个诸葛亮,即使那一个人是在某个领域里面最聪明的人”。为了证明这一点,Cialdini 与分子生物学家James Watson举行了一次访谈。

Watson和Francis Crick发现了DNA结构,即所有生物体基因信息携带者。‘当问及他们如何在那么多技术高超的研究竞争者之前破译密码的时候,他的回答令我震惊。他说他和Cricket之所以能够成功,是因为他们知道在众多追寻答案的科学家之中,他们并不是最聪明的。最智慧的科学家叫作Rosalind Franklin,据Waston说,“她太聪明以至于几乎不寻求建议”。’

团队合作是人类行为的一个非常基本的驱动力。“社会认证原理如此普遍以至于我们常常忽略它,” Cialdini说。“如果你的计划被阻止了,比如说被公司元老们,那么找另外一个老前辈为你申诉。” Cialdini并不是唯一支持这一理论的人。研究表明,同事的力量,同等级运用而不是上下级运用的话,远比老板的任何言论更加有说服力。

书写、形象化以及样品化可以促进新奇想法的形成。Cialdini引用了研究报告和历史事件来证明,即便简单的书写也能够加深每个人在项目中的参与度。他说,这就是为什么所有的早餐谷物粥包装竞争者都会鼓励大家写下不超过10字的话:“我喜欢Kellogg的玉米片,因为.…”这一书写行为会让我们更加愿意去相信这件事。

权威部门没有必要抑制创新,但是却常常这么做。这一错误的领导方式会导致成为Cialdini所说的“机长症候群,一种令人遗憾的趋势,团队成界会把本该属于自己的责任推卸给领导的一种趋势”。他把这一趋势如此取名是因为,他说“多名飞行员操作的飞机上,当机长做出一个明显错误的决定时,机组成员有时候会呈现一种致命的钝化状态”。据他所言,这一行为并不单单在飞机上会出现,而是当领导太独断的时候,这会发在任何工作场合下。

另一个极端是20世纪80年代,Memphis的设计团体,一个年轻人组成的团队,对于他们来说“唯一的规则就是没有规则”。这一环境为互相交换想法提供下有利的条件,进而引起形式、功能、颜色以及材料的一系列创新,这一创新革新了家居设计的概念。

许多理论家相信,理想的领导应该是幕后操作,以集体成就为荣并且在适当的时候给予表扬。Cialdini说“领导们应该鼓励每个人去贡献(自己的想法)并且确保相关人员都意识到每一个建议对于制定正确的决策和(每个人的想法)被充分地考虑都是很重要的”。关于创新,令人沮丧的事就是,创新有很多的方式,没有神奇的公式。然而,一个真正想要创造创新氛围的领导者,可以通过认识这些心理学现实使得他们的工作变得更加简单。

剑桥阅读答案 第9篇

Passage 1

参考译文

Lost for words

Many minority languages are on the danger list

语言的消失

——许多少数民族语言濒临灭绝

In the Native American Navajo nation, which sprawls across four states in the American south-west, the native language is Most of its speakers are middle-aged or Although many students take classes in Navajo, the schools are run in Street signs, supermarket goods and even their own newspaper are all in Not surprisingly, linguists doubt that any native speakers of Navajo will remain in a hundred years’

对于居住在美国西南部四州的那瓦霍人来讲,他们的语言正在遭遇灭顶之灾。大多数说那瓦霍语的人要么是中年人,要么就是垂垂老者。尽管有许多学生都在学习该门语言,可是学校却是用英文授课的。路牌、超市商品说明、甚至报纸全部是英文的。因此语言学家怀疑在百年之后还会不会有人会说这门语言也就不足为奇了。

Navajo is far from Half the world’s 6,800 languages are likely to vanish within two generations — that’s one language lost every ten Never before has the planet’s linguistic diversity shrunk at such a ‘At the moment, we are heading for about three or four languages dominating the world,’ says Mark Pagel, an evolutionary biologist at the University of ‘It’s a mass extinction, and whether we will ever rebound from the loss is difficult to ’

那瓦霍语决不是惟一会有此厄运的语言。再经历两代人的时间,全球6,800种语言当中的半数就有可能从世界上彻底消失——这就相当于平均每十天就有一种语言消失。地球上语言的多样性从未以如此惊人的速度降低过。“现在,我们面临的将是两三种语言支配整个世界。”雷丁大学的进化生物学家Marl Pagel说,“这就是(语言的)大规模灭绝,而且我们很难知道能否从这种语言灭绝当中恢复过来。”

Isolation breeds linguistic diversity: as a result, the world is peppered with languages spoken by only a few Only 250 languages have more than a million speakers, and at least 3,000 have fewer than 2, It is not necessarily these small languages that are about to Navajo is considered endangered despite having 150,000 What makes a language endangered is not just the number of speakers, but how old they If it is spoken by children it is relatively The critically endangered languages are those that are only spoken by the elderly, according to Michael Krauss, director of the Alassk Native Language Center, in

封闭产生了语言的多样性。结果整个世界就布满了只有几个人说的语言。只有250种语言拥有超过100万的使用者,而至少有3,000种语言使用者不足2,500人。那些行将消失的小语种并非命该如此。尽管仍有15万人在使用那瓦霍语,但这种语言还是上了濒危名单。判断一种语言是否濒危的标准不是使用者的数量,而是使用者的年龄。如果一种语言是孩子们在使用,就会相对安全些。用费尔班克斯Alassk语言中心的主任Micheal Krauss的话说就是,真正面临灭绝之灾的是那些只有老年人才懂得说的语言。

Why do people reject the language of their parents? It begins with a crisis of confidence, when a small community finds itself alongside a larger, wealthier society, says Nicholas Ostler, of Britain’s Foundation for Endangered Languages, in ‘People lose faith in their culture,’ he ‘When the next generation reaches their teens, they might not want to be induced into the old ’

可人们为什么拒绝说他们父母的语言呢?这一切都始于一场信任危机。BATH英国濒危语言基金会成员Nicholas Ostler说:“当一个小规模社会发现自己与一个大规模,更富有的社会并肩而存的时候,其成员就会对自己的文化丧失信心。当这个社会的下一代进人青春期的时候,他们很可能不会接受(包括语言在内的)传统事物。”

The change is not always Quite often, governments try to kill off a minority language by banning its use in public or discouraging its use in schools, all to promote national The former US policy of running Indian reservation schools in English, for example, effectively put languages such as Navajo on the danger But Salikoko Mufwene, who chairs the Linguistics department at the University of Chicago, argues that the deadliest weapon is not government policy but economic ‘Native Americans have not lost pride in their language, but they have had to adapt to socio-economic pressures,’ he ‘They cannot refuse to speak English if most commercial activity is in ’ But are languages worth saving? At the very least, there is a loss of data for the study of languages and their evolution, which relies on comparisons between languages, both living and When an unwritten and unrecorded language disappears, it is lost to

这种转变往往不是自发的。为了加强国家凝聚力,政府通常会通过在公共场合禁用,以及在学校中不提倡使用的方法,消灭少数民族语言。例如,以前美国政府在印地安保留地学校推行英语授课政策,这事实上就是将那瓦霍语等少数语言推上了濒危名单。但是芝加哥大学语言学系系主任Salikoko Mufwene认为,最致命的原因并不是政府政策,而是经济的全球化。他说,“美国印地安人并没有失去对他们自己语言的信心,但是他们不得不去适应社会经济压力。如果大多数生意都是用英语来谈的,他们就不能拒绝说英语,但是,濒危语言就真的值得去挽救吗?至少,对于语言及其进化研究来讲,(不去挽救)就会导致资料的缺失,因为该研究正是基于对现存的和过去的语言的比较而进行的。当一门既无文字记录也无录音考证的语言消失时,对于科学(研究)来讲,它也就不存在了。

Language is also intimately bound up with culture, so it may be difficult to preserve one without the ‘If a person shifts from Navajo to English, they lose something,’ Mufwene ‘Moreover, the loss of diversity may also deprive us of different ways of looking at the world,’ says There is mounting evidence that learning a language produces physiological changes in the ‘Your brain and mine are different from the brain of someone who speaks French, for instance,’ Pagel says, and this could affect our thoughts and ‘The patterns and connections we make among various concepts may be structured by the linguistic habits of our ’

语言与文化也有千丝万缕的联系,因此要想单纯保存语言而不保留文化是非常困难的。“如果一个本来说那瓦霍语的人现在要改说英语,那么他准得失去点东西。”Mufwene说道,Pagel也评价道,“而且,语言多样性的丧失也使我们无法以多种方式来看待这个世界。”越来越多的证据表明,学习一门语言可以为大脑带来生理上的变化。“比如说,你我的大脑与说法语人的大脑就十分不同,”Page说,这是会影响我们的思维和看法的。“我们针对不同的概念建立了不同的模式和联系,这很可能就是由我们社会的语言习惯构筑而成的。”

So despite linguists’ best efforts, many languages will disappear over the next But a growing interest in cultural identity may prevent the direst predictions from coming ‘The key to fostering diversity is for people to learn their ancestral tongue, as well as the dominant language,’ says Doug Whalen, founder and president of the Endangered Language Fund in New Haven, ‘Most of these languages will not survive without a large degree of bilingualism,’ he In New Zealand, classes for children have slowed the erosion of Maori and rekindled interest in the A similar approach in Hawaii has produced about 8,000 new speakers of Polynesian languages in the past few In California, ‘apprentice’ programmes have provided life support to several indigenous Volunteer ‘apprentices’ pair up with one of the last living speakers of a Native American tongue to learn a traditional skill such as basket weaving, with instruction exclusively in the endangered After about 300 hours of training they are generally sufficiently fluent to transmit the language to the next But Mufwene says that preventing a language dying out is not the same as giving it new life by using it every ‘Preserving a language is more like preserving fruits in a jar,’ he

所以,尽管语言学家已经竭尽全力,但是许多语言到了下个世纪还是会消失。但是,一种对文化认同感越来越多的关注,也许会阻止最骇人的预言成为现实。“保持语言多样性的关键在于,让人们接受主流语言的同时,也去学习他们祖先的语言。”康那狄格州纽黑文市濒危语言基金会主席Doug Whalen说道,“如果不实行双语制度,大多数濒危语言都无法生存下去。”在新西兰,为孩子们开设的课程明显减轻了毛利语所受的损害,并且重新燃起了人们对该语言的兴趣。在夏威夷,一种相似的方式使波利尼西亚语的使用者在过去数年中增长了8,000人。在加利福尼亚州,“学徒”计划使得数种土著语言得以生存。“学徒”志愿者与某种印地安语的最后一些使用者中的一位组成小组,学习如编织篮子这样的传统工艺,当然交流全部都是用印地安语。通常,经过300个小时的训练后,他们就可以流利地说了,其流利程度足以将这种语言传给他们的子女。但是Mufwene指出,避免语言消失并不等同于通过每天的使用赋予其新的生命。他指出,“保存语言更像用罐子保存水果。”

However, preservation can bring a language back from the There are examples of languages that have survived in written form and then been revived by later But a written form is essential for this, so the mere possibility of revival has led many speakers of endangered languages to develop systems of writing where none existed

然而,通过保存的确可以使一门语言起死回生。已经有例子表明,有些语言通过文字记录被保存了下来,而且还在后代中得以复兴。当然,文字记录是这其中的关键。因此,单单是这种语言复兴的可能性,就使得很多说濒危语言的人试图去创造本来并不存在的文字系统。

Passage 2

参考译文

ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE IN AUSTRALIA

澳大利亚的另类疗法

The first students to study alternative medicine at university level in Australia began their four-year, full-time course at the University of Technology, Sydney, in early Their course covered, among other therapies, The theory they learnt is based on the traditional Chinese explanation of this ancient healing art: that it can regulate the flow of ‘Qi’ or energy through pathways in the This course reflects how far some alternative therapies have come in their struggle for acceptance by the medical

1994年初,澳大利亚第一批另类疗法学生在悉尼科技大学开始了他们为期四年的全职课程。除了学习其他一些疗法之外,他们的课程还包括针灸术,他们所学的理论基于中国古代对这门古老疗法的解释:那就是针灸可以调节“气”或能量在人体神经系统中的流通。这门课程足以反映另类疗法在争取医疗机构认同的斗争中所取得的成果。

Australia has been unusual in the Western world in having a very conservative attitude to natural or alternative therapies, according to Dr Paul Laver, a lecturer in Public Health at the University of ‘We’ve had a tradition of doctors being fairly powerful and I guess they are pretty loath to allow any pretenders to their position to come into ’ In many other industrialised countries, orthodox and alternative medicine have worked ‘hand in glove’ for In Europe, only orthodox doctors can prescribe herbal In Germany, plant remedies account for 10% of the national turnover of Americans made more visits to alternative therapists than to orthodox doctors in 1990, and each year they spend about $US 12 billion on therapies that have not been scientifically

由于对自然或另类疗法所采取的极端保守态度,澳大利亚在西方国家中独树一帜。悉尼大学公共健康系博士Paul Laver评价道:“我们有个传统,医生是相当权威的,我猜他们很不愿意让那些觊觎他们位置的冒牌货得逞。”在其他许多工业国家里,正统医生和另类医师早已亲密无间地合作多年了。在欧洲,只有正统医生才可以开草药。在德国,草药占了药品销售额的10%。1990年美国人去看另类疗法医师的次数比去看传统医生的次数还多,而每年,他们花在未经科学测试的疗法上的钱竟髙达约120亿美元。

Disenchantment with orthodox medicine has seen the popularity of alternative therapies in Australia climb steadily during the past 20 In a 1983 national health survey, % of people said they had contacted a chiropractor, naturopath, osteopath, acupuncturist or herbalist in the two weeks prior to the By 1990, this figure had risen to % of the The 550,000 consultations with alternative therapists reported in the 1990 survey represented about an eighth of the total number of consultations with medically qualified personnel covered by the survey, according to Dr Laver and colleagues writing in the Australian Journal of Public Health in ‘A better educated and less accepting public has become disillusioned with the experts in general, and increasingly sceptical about science and empirically based knowledge,’ they ‘The high standing of professionals, including doctors, has been eroded as a ’

在过去20年中,由于人们对传统医疗不再迷信,另类疗法在澳大利亚慢慢流行起来。在1983年进行的全国健康调査中,有%的人说此前两周内曾经去看过按摩师、理疗家、整骨医师、针灸医生或草药医生。到了1990年,这个数字已经攀升到澳大利亚人口的%。根据Laver博士和他的同事们刊登在1993年《澳大利亚公共健康期刊》上的报道:在1990年调査中,另类疗法医生进行了55万次诊断,这个数字几乎占了调查中所有医疗诊断的八分之一。“总体而言,受过良好教育又不那么轻信的民众已经对专家失望了,而且对科学和经验主义知识已经越来越怀疑了,”博士们说,“结果,包括医生在内的专业人士的崇高地位也就大打折扣。”

Rather than resisting or criticising this trend, increasing numbers of Australian doctors, particularly younger ones, are forming group practices with alternative therapists or taking courses themselves, particularly in acupuncture and Part of the incentive was financial, Dr Laver ‘The bottom line is that most general practitioners are business If they see potential clientele going elsewhere, they might want to be able to offer a similar ’

越来越多的澳大利亚医生,特别是那些年轻一些的医师,非但没有抵制或是批判这样一个潮流,反而开始与另类疗法医师联合开业,或是干脆自己去学习相关课程,尤其是针灸和草药医学。Laver博士说,部分动机当然是出于经济考虑。“关键在于大多数全科医生都是商人。如果他们看到潜在的客户去别处看病,他们就想也要能提供类似的服务。”

In 1993, Dr Laver and his colleagues published a survey of 289 Sydney people who attended eight alternative therapists’ practices in These practices offered a wide range of alternative therapies from 25 Those surveyed had experienced chronic illnesses, for which orthodox medicine had been able to provide little They commented that they liked the holistic approach of their alternative therapists and the friendly, concerned and detailed attention they had The cold, impersonal manner of orthodox doctors featured in the An increasing exodus from their clinics, coupled with this and a number of other relevant surveys carried out in Australia, all pointing to orthodox doctors’ inadequacies, have led mainstream doctors themselves to begin to admit they could learn from the personal style of alternative Patrick Store, President of the Royal College of General Practitioners, concurs that orthodox doctors could learn a lot about bedside manner and advising patients on preventative health from alternative

1993年,Laver博士和他的同事们发表了一项调查报告,报告包括289名曾到8家另类疗法诊所寻求治疗的悉尼市民。这些诊所共有25名另类治疗师,提供相当广泛的另类疗法。接受调查的人都患有慢性疾病,正统疗法治疗对这些疾病的效果微乎其微。病人们评价说他们喜欢另类疗法医师所采取的全面的治疗手段,也喜欢那里友善热情、细致入微的关怀。这次调査揭示了正统医生的冷漠态度。病人从诊所中大批离去,加上其他一些相关的全国性调查的结果,矛头直指正统医生的不足之处,这就使得他们开始承认应该学习一下另类疗法医师的亲切态度。就连皇家医学院的Patrik Stone博士也赞同说,正统医生应该多学习另类疗法医师对待病人的态度,还有他们给病人的预防建议。

According to the Australian Journal of Public Health, 18% of patients visiting alternative therapists do so because they suffer from musculo-skeletal complaints; 12% suffer from digestive problems, which is only 1% more than those suffering from emotional Those suffering from respiratory complaints represent 7% of their patients, and candida sufferers represent an equal Headache sufferers and those complaining of general ill health represent 6% and 5% of patients respectively, and a further 4% see therapists for general health

根据《澳大利亚公共健康期刊》,18%的病人因为得了肌肉骨骼方面的疾病而去看另类医师;12%的人则是因为消化系统疾病,这个数字只比因为感情问题而去就医的人多1个百分点。呼吸系统疾病患者和假丝酵母过敏者各占7%。头疼就医者和整体感觉身体不适而就医者分别占到了6%和5%,还有4%的人看医生只是为了保持身体健康。

The survey suggested that complementary medicine is probably a better term than alternative Alternative medicine appears to be an adjunct, sought in times of disenchantment when conventional medicine seems not to offer the

这项调查表明,与另类疗法这个字眼相比,互补疗法是个更为合适的称呼。前者听起来仿佛是正统疗法的附庸,一种只有当你对传统疗法的无能为力失望后,才会去追寻的东西。

Passage 3

参考译文

PLAY IS A SERIOUS BUSINESS

Does play help develop bigger, better brains? Bryant Furlow investigates

玩耍是件严肃的事

玩耍能否帮助大脑发育得更大更好?Bryant Furlow就此展开了调査。

A Playing is a serious Children engrossed in a make-believe world, fox cubs play-fighting or kittens teasing a ball of string aren’t just having Play may look like a carefree and exuberant way to pass the time before the hard work of adulthood comes along, but there’s much more to it than For a start, play can even cost animals their Eighty per cent of deaths among juvenile fur seals occur because playing pups fail to spot predators It is also extremely expensive in terms of Playful young animals use around two or three per cent of their energy cavorting, and in children that figure can be closer to fifteen per ‘Even two or three per cent is huge,’ says John Byers of Idaho ‘You just don’t find animals wasting energy like that,’ he There must be a

A玩耍是件严肃的事。孩子们沉溺在假想的世界中,狐狸幼崽儿嬉戏打闹,小猫玩线球,这些行为都不只是取乐而已。看上去玩耍是成人世界的辛苦工作到来之前,无忧无虑、精力充沛的消磨时光的方式,其实远非如此。首先,玩耍可能使动物们送命。比如,百分之八十的小海狗死亡都是因为玩耍中的小海狗没能看到接近的捕食者。玩耍也是相当消耗精力的。顽皮的小动物要花上百分之二三的精力来嬉戏打闹,而对于儿童而言,这个数字可以高达百分之十五。“就算只有百分之二三也是个不小的数目了。”Idaho大学的John Byers说道,“你很难发现动物们如此消耗精力。”Byers补充说。总有一定的原因使他们这么做。

B But if play is not simply a developmental hiccup, as biologists once thought, why did it evolve? The latest idea suggests that play has evolved to build big In other words, playing makes you Playfulness, it seems, is common only among mammals, although a few of the larger-brained birds also Animals at play often use unique signs — tail-wagging in dogs, for example — to indicate that activity superficially resembling adult behaviour is not really in A popular explanation of play has been that it helps juveniles develop the skills they will need to hunt, mate and socialise as Another has been that it allows young animals to get in shape for adult life by improving their respiratory Both these ideas have been questioned in recent

B但是,如果玩耍不像生物学家们过去认为的那样,只是发育过程中的小插曲的话,那么到底是什么促使了玩耍的发展呢?最新的观点认为玩耍可以促进大脑的发育。换句话说,玩耍使你变得聪明。尽管一些脑子比较大的鸟类也沉溺其中,但玩耍好像还是只在哺乳动物中普遍存在。玩耍中的动物会用一些独特的标志——比如狗摇尾巴来表明这种简单模仿大动物行为的举动并不是玩真的。一种有关玩耍的普遍观点说,玩耍能帮助小动物发展成年之后捕猎、交配以及社交所需要的技能。另一个理论认为,通过增强小动物的呼吸耐力,玩耍可以帮助他们在体力上更适应成年生活。但是这两个理论近年来都遭到了置疑。

C Take the exercise If play evolved to build muscle or as a kind of endurance training, then you would expect to see permanent But Byers points out that the benefits of increased exercise disappear rapidly after training stops, so any improvement in endurance resulting from juvenile play would be lost by ‘If the function of play was to get into shape,’ says Byers, ‘the optimum time for playing would depend on when it was most advantageous for the young of a particular species to do But it doesn’t work like ’ Across species, play tends to peak about halfway through the suckling stage and then

C就拿锻炼理论来说吧。如果玩耍是为了增强肌肉,或是进行某种耐力训练,那么我们应该能够看到一些终生的效果。但是Byers指出,训练一结束,由增强训练所带来的好处就随之迅速消失了,所以,任何通过小时候的玩耍增强的耐力到了成年阶段就会消失殆尽了。“如果玩耍的作用就是使身体健康的话,”Byers说道,“那么玩耍的最佳时间就应该是对于某种小动物(身体发展)最有利的时间,但是,实际情况并非如此。”无论什么种群的动物,玩耍都倾向于在哺乳期的中期达到顶峰,然后则开始走下坡路。

D Then there’s the skills-training At first glance, playing animals do appear to be practising the complex manoeuvres they will need in But a closer inspection reveals this interpretation as too In one study, behavioural ecologist Tim Caro, from the University of California, looked at the predatory play of kittens and their predatory behaviour when they reached He found that the way the cats played had no significant effect on their hunting prowess in later

D接着,我们又有了技能训练假说。乍看上去,玩耍的小动物好像是在练习那些成年时必须的复杂动作。但是,更为仔细的观察表明,这种解释把问题简单化了。在某项研究中,California大学的行为生态学家Tim Caro观察了小猫的捕食游戏以及它们成年之后的捕猎行为。他发现,小猫玩耍的方式对成年后的捕猎技能并没有太大的影响。

E Earlier this year, Sergio Pellis of Lethbridge University, Canada, reported that there is a strong positive link between brain size and playfulness among mammals in Comparing measurements for fifteen orders of mammal, he and his team found larger brains (for a given body size) are linked to greater The converse was also found to be Robert Barton of Durham University believes that, because large brains are more sensitive to developmental stimuli than smaller brains, they require more play to help mould them for ‘I concluded it’s to do with learning, and with the importance of environmental data to the brain during development,’ he

E今年早些时候,加拿大Lethbridge大学的Sergio Pellis公布说,哺乳动物的玩耍与他们大脑的大小往往成正比。在比较了十五种哺乳动物的测量数据之后,Sergio和他的研究小组发现,更多的玩耍会造就大一些的脑子(与身体大小比较而言),而且这个理论反过来也成立。Durham大学的Robert Barton认为,由于大一座的脑子比小一些的脑子对发育刺激更敏感,因此它们需要更多的玩耍来促进它们发育至成年期。他说:“我的结论是,玩耍与学习有关,也与大脑发育过程中环境资料的重要性有关。”

F According to Byers, the timing of the playful stage in young animals provides an important clue to what’s going If you plot the amount of time a juvenile devotes to play each day over the course of its development, you discover a pattern typically associated with a ‘sensitive period’ — a brief development window during which the brain can actually be modified in ways that are not possible earlier or later in Think of the relative ease with which young children — but not infants or adults — absorb Other researchers have found that play in cats, rats and mice is at its most intense just as this ‘window of opportunity’ reaches its

F根据Byers的理论,对于小动物而言,玩耍期的时机对未来的发展至关重要。如果你用图表来表明在发育期间,小动物每天用于玩耍的时间的话,就会发现一种一般与“敏感期”相关联的模式。所谓“敏感期”指的是发育过程中一个短暂的阶段,在这一阶段中,大脑会获得此前和此后都不可能获得的改变。想想孩子们在学习语言时那种婴儿们和大人们都无法做到的得心应手吧。其他学者也发现,猫、田鼠和家鼠最爱玩耍的时期恰好是这扇“机会之窗”达到峰值的时候。

G ‘People have not paid enough attention to the amount of the brain activated by play,’ says Marc Bekoff from Colorado Bekoff studied coyote pups at play and found that the kind of behaviour involved was markedly more variable and unpredictable than that of Such behaviour activates many different parts of the brain, he Bekoff likens it to a behavioural kaleidoscope, with animals at play jumping rapidly between ‘They use behaviour from a lot of different contexts — predation, aggression, reproduction,’ he ‘Their developing brain is getting all sorts of ’

G“人们没有充分注意到玩耍激活了大脑多少部件。”Colorado大学的Marc Bekoff说。Becoff研究了玩要的小土狼,发现其中所涉及的行为显然比成年土狼的花样更多,更不可预测。他推断,这样的行为能激活大脑许多不同的部分。由于动物们在玩耍时行为总是迅速地变换,Becoff将玩耍比喻为一个行为万花筒。“他们会做出不同环境所需要的动作——捕猎,进攻,繁殖等,而他们正在发育的大脑获得了各种各样的刺激。”

H Not only is more of the brain involved in play than was suspected, but it also seems to activate higher cognitive ‘There’s enormous cognitive involvement in play,’ says He points out that play often involves complex assessments of playmates, ideas of reciprocity and the use of specialised signals and He believes that play creates a brain that has greater behavioural flexibility and improved potential for learning later in The idea is backed up by the work of Stephen Siviy of Gettysburg Siviy studied how bouts of play affected the brain’s levels of a particular chemical associated with the stimulation and growth of nerve He was surprised by the extent of the ‘Play just lights everything up,’ he By allowing link-ups between brain areas that might not normally communicate with each other, play may enhance

H大脑不仅比猜想中更多地参与玩耍,而且好像还能够激活更髙级的认知过程。“玩耍中有很多的认知成分。”Becoff指出。玩耍通常包括对玩伴的评估,互相依存的观念,以及恃殊标志及规则的使用。他认为玩耍会创造一个更具行为灵活性,在今后生活中更多学习潜力的大脑。这一观点得到了Gettysburg学院Stephen Siviy研究结果的支持。Siviy认为玩耍能够影响大脑中一种特殊化学物质的分泌,这种物质会刺激神经细胞生长。他被这种刺激可能达到的程度吓了一跳。“玩耍使一切都变得活泼起来。”通过使大脑中不常交流的部分产生联系,玩耍也许会提髙创造力。

I What might further experimentation suggest about the way children are raised in many societies today? We already know that rat pups denied the chance to play grow smaller brain components and fail to develop the ability to apply social rules when they interact with their With schooling beginning earlier and becoming increasingly exam-orientated, play is likely to get even less of a Who knows what the result of that will be?

I进一步的实验又会对如今许多社会中,孩子们被养育的方式有何影响呢?我们已经知道,没有机会玩耍的小老鼠,大脑各部分发育得比较小,同时也不具备运用社会规则与其他小老鼠交流的能力。在上学年龄越来越早,学校教育越来越应试化的今天,大家对玩耍的作用不屑一顾。谁会知道这样做会带来什么样的影响呢?

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